Fire Safety: Fire Safety Elements that Cannot Be Neglected

First, village (town) three-level building fire

Such disaster accidents are relatively common. According to the statistics of the fires in the whole year, nearly 80% of the fires are fires in villages and towns, firewood, residential houses and shantytowns. The safety issues in such fire suppression mainly include the following aspects:

The first is the safety issue of driving. This is a safety issue that may exist in all disasters, but it is relatively prominent in rural fire fighting. The main reasons are: ( 1 ) The roads are narrow, the winter snow and snow are not cleaned up in time, the road surface is slippery, and there are drainage ditches on both sides of the road. Covering is not easy to find. Some roadsides are mountains; ( 2 ) Fires occur at night, they are far away, there is no street lighting, people are easy to sleep, and vigilance is not strong; ( 3 ) There are many intersections, there is no signal light, the farmers' Awareness of traffic safety is weak and rules are not observed.

For example: at 19:19 on November 2009 May 2009 55 points, a county fire brigade fire engine out of the police on the way back, rollover fell four meters deep dry land, killing two soldiers were killed and four seriously injured.

The second is the safety problem caused by the collapse of buildings. The shanty towns in the township and suburban areas are mostly three-level buildings and individual four-level buildings. The roof and load-bearing structure of this type of fire are very flammable, the shortest 0.15 hours ( 9 minutes), up to half an hour. This is consistent with what we usually see. Basically, the half-hour arrives at the end of the day and it is gradually falling down within half an hour. Therefore, the reasons that such fire accidents may result in casualties among the officers and soldiers are ( 1 ) blind internal attacks and the collapse of building construction (a village fire broke out in Fujian due to the collapse of the wall, resulting in the death of a cadre and a serious injury to a squad leader); ( 2 ) Work on the roof of the building, resulting in the collapse of the roof; ( 3 ) The position of the external water gun position is wrong, and the damage caused by the crash or collapse. For example: facing the window, the door, laying in the rain or above.

To sum up, in the fight against fires of Class III buildings, we must pay special attention to the safety during driving on national roads, township roads, and mountain roads from the perspective of strengthening combat security. Second, in the absence of personnel trapped, it is forbidden to attack (because the three-level building is not very wide, and there are many windows; the effective range of the water gun is sufficient to meet the need of external fire fighting). Third, consider the danger of the roof falling down within half an hour. After the roof collapses and the fire time reaches about 3 hours, consider the risk of leaning and collapsing the wall. Fourth, the position of water guns is strictly prohibited in the position where the doors and windows are facing and the light roof, sun canopy, or the rain ride above or below. Fifthly, when it is necessary to implement demolition and blocking from above, fire ladders must be erected on the load-bearing wall and protection should be provided. Combatants are not allowed to leave the fire-fighting ladder (a roof operation is recommended to use a horizontal bar ladder on the roof, and at the same time with the ladder Links; operators work on bar bars and make fixed links).

Second, residential building fire (including high-rise residential buildings)

Such disaster accidents are also more common. Because the residential buildings are mostly brick-concrete, steel-concrete or frame structures, and each house is divided into separate fires, and the public passages such as stairwells are not combustible, the fire is not easy to spread (for example, Dubai’s Apartment building fire) Under normal circumstances, as long as the safety protection is in place (air calls, flame-retardant hoods), using the internal staircase of the building to carry out internal attack will basically not cause casualties to the officers and soldiers, but the safety issues that require special attention are as follows:

First, when a multi-storey residential building is fired, there will be more than three levels of fire. If you take an outside attack from the outside window, you may fall down and cause death or injury when climbing ladders or hooking ladders; It may cause people to fall and cause casualties.

The second is the slope roof structure. In the event of a fire at the top floor, roof operations may collapse, roof rubble and ornaments will fall, and winter roof slopes will fall off after freezing, which may threaten the roof, top floor and the ground. The life safety of the three officers and soldiers.

Third, fires in high-rise residential buildings are prone to crashes. Heat convection and hot air waves may cause casualties among internal attackers, and some even rush out of the window. The most typical is May 1, 2014 Longwu Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai high-rise residential building fire. (Shanghai Xuhui District Public Security Fire Fighting Team Guangang Squadron fired in a high-rise residential fire. When the officers and soldiers engaged in the demolition, the fire room ignited and the security door popped open. A large number of high-temperature smoke rushed into the walkway and the elevator. In the room, two combatants accidentally crashed and sacrificed at the window of the elevator's front room.

Fourth, liquefied gas tanks and other flammable and explosive materials stored in residential buildings.

To sum up, in the fire fighting of residential buildings, from the perspective of strengthening combat security, we must be cautious in external attacks, external lighting must be set up at night, fire ladder operations must not be used in more than five floors, and internal evacuation stairs should be preferred or considered. Use high fire engines. The second is to use ladders to externally break the anti-theft window. The ladder must be fixed between the ladders. When laying the hoses vertically, hooks must be set up. Floor water separators must be fixed before water can be supplied. Third, when a fire occurs on the top of the slope roof, the ground personnel must maintain a safe distance. It is forbidden to work on the roof, and high-car or high-spray trucks should be used as far as possible to implement fire extinguishing. Fourth, the fire of ordinary high-rise residential buildings is forbidden to enter from the outside. Bold internal attacks must be implemented. Water guns must be shielded and opened slowly to open the door. Water pipes along the stairs should be adopted as much as possible. Fire hydrants in the lower layer of the fire wall are preferred. . Fifth, in emergency emergency evacuation or evacuation, in the face of flashing fire, hot air waves should immediately fall down, squat on the ground, until the air flow is stable, along the water line 匍匐 withdrawal. Sixth, prior to the implementation of the internal attack, it is necessary to go to the corresponding floor in the fire floor to learn about the internal structure and layout of the building, use gas pipelines or liquefied gas tanks, and tell the household owner if there are other flammable and explosive materials.

Third, large commercial (city) field fire and underground construction fire

Since most of the commercial markets in the present time are ground and underground complexes, while the ground floor is mostly closed, with few external windows, and the characteristics of fires in underground buildings are similar. Therefore, we sum up these two types of fires together. Commercial market fires are the most common and most likely to cause casualties in the province in the past 20 years. Its disposal is extremely difficult. The operational safety standards are extremely high, and the problems involved are many and related. Through the analysis of typical domestic cases in recent years, in the process of large-scale commercial (city) field fire suppression, the most vulnerable to the safety of officers and soldiers has the following aspects:

First, in the course of the internal attack, the direction was lost and it was not able to withdraw in time (asphyxiation). For example, a fire in Xinjiang ( 3 victims).

Second, in the course of internal attacks, the evacuation route was blocked and could not be withdrawn in time (high temperature). For example, the Beijing CCTV building fire ( one sacrifice).

Thirdly, during the internal attack, a partial collapse occurred inside the building, and the object was bruised, or the combat personnel fell from the patio and stairs, causing casualties. For example, Beijing Xilong Chaohuo Fire ( 2 people sacrifice).

Fourth, the entire or part of the building collapsed, causing casualties to the interior and exterior. (For example: at 13:14 on January 2, 2015 Xu, Harbin North Fangnan Xun ceramic fire-largest market, after burning for nearly 20 hours, 10 o'clock in the evening, after 21 hours, a 11 layer (including 3 storey commercial layer) of the occurrence of commercial and residential whole collapsed, killing five firefighters sacrifice, 14 people were injured; 2003 at 4:40 on November 3 Hengyang Yongxing building fire, 8:37, after four Hours later, collapse occurred and 20 firefighters were sacrificed; similarly, both were commercial and residential fires).

The fifth is the use of fire ladders to fall and fall during external operations.

In summary, in the fight against firefighters, markets, and underground building fires, from the point of view of strengthening combat security, we must be cautious of internal attacks and grasp the timing of internal attacks (we often discuss why we must attack internally, and why the internal attack is so Danger We always carry out internal attacks, and the reason is very simple, because only the internal attack can effectively save people and extinguish fires, otherwise we can only watch the building burning there, and how much water is played outside will be of no help. Professionalism, internal attack is inevitable, but the purpose, timing, and course of protection, and protective measures are issues that we should consider as a professional force. Second, we must do a good job of personal protection to ensure that protection is in place and reasonable (we The most basic set of 12 sets of fire protection equipment, in addition to some special protective equipment; we first talk about the prone problems in basic protection, 1 , the problem of disharmony is more prominent, 2 , when incomplete wear, resistance Burning headgear is not worn or worn incorrectly (we must ensure that the material of the headgear is flame-retardant silk weave, rather than the chemical fiber material soaked in flame retardant Experimental methods, washed with water and see if you can ignite fire machine) after drying. 3, the position is unreasonable, not working in the fire inside the wear is very prominent current problems, such as safety rope can not successfully open, waist was ax The third is to make full preparations for emergency and emergency evacuation. First of all, there must be awareness in this regard, and we must have a preliminary prediction of the dangerous environment in which we are located. Before the offensive, a good retreat route will be established. Fourth, an evaluation of the safety of the building should be done. The assessment should be conducted by relatively professional and experienced personnel and timely advice provided to the commander. The assessment staff is mainly based on the combustion temperature, time and construction. The anti-burning capacity of the structure is estimated. In addition, the cracks on the walls and columns must be closely watched. For example, in the fire of the Chunyuan Commercial Building, we discovered the cracks in the wall and decisively withdrew the internal personnel.

Fourth, high-rise public building fires

Such fires were "honored" in the world, in the field of firefighting, and recognized as the most difficult fires to be saved (the picture on the next page shows the fire at the apartment building of the Dubai Torch Building. It was a successful fire fighting together). There are three main reasons: First, it is difficult for people to go up. We know that the high-level definition of the history of the two figures of 10 and 24 meters , it is based on the average firefighters to maintain normal combat ability and physical signs after climbing indoor stairs The test deserves value, that is to say, the firefighters who have been specially trained have an average level of only 10 floors in the on-going operations , and the most common high-rise buildings we have now are in the 30th floor. Some landmark buildings already exceed 100 meters . Therefore, in the event of a fire, it is difficult for firefighters to go up first. Second, it is difficult for water to go up. From 2007 to 2008 , we conducted a series of special high-level water supply test operations. We know that the commonly used type 16 water supply is not over 10 levels. About 30 meters from the building , the type 20 belt can reach a maximum height of 100 meters . At the same time, the water belt is laid for about 8 minutes. The water supply is about 3 minutes. It means that it takes at least 11 minutes to get water. The third is that the fire is easy to go up. The fire is under the action of wind and stack effect, quickly spread upwards, especially in high-rise public buildings, the majority of exterior decoration, insulation, laminated, LED large screen, There are many vertical shafts, many holes, large fire zones, etc. (these are the characteristics that high-rise buildings do not have). These factors can cause the fire to spread rapidly. At the same time, falling fires and residual fires will ignite the fire layer below. The parts of the team are in a trend of jumping upwards and the inside attackers are easily trapped above the fire floor and cannot be evacuated in time.

In summary, when fighting fires in high-rise public buildings, from the perspective of enhancing operational safety, we must first make full use of building fire-fighting facilities, quickly control water flow, and then gradually or synchronously lay water hoses to build water gun positions ( since 2008 The Ministry has informed about 10 cases of successful fire extinguishing of high-rise buildings. Their common feature is to make full use of wall fire hydrants and other fixed fire-fighting facilities at the first time. Second, pay close attention to the development of the fire, and when the fire breaks through the window, start from Outward facing (lower) leaping spread, should be abandoned in the fire layer to carry out the internal attack and interception, should be used outside the use of water cannon interception, or directly abandon the fire above the interception, concentrated forces cut off the downward spread; Pay close attention to the fire, whether the falling fires ignite the following positions on the offensive position, causing the position to be surrounded by fire; Fourth, pay close attention to the status of the decorative materials, glass walls, and LED screens of the facades. Fall, hurt the peripheral rescue workers.

V. Long-span large space steel construction fire

This type of building is generally a single or two-story structure, mostly storage and processing workshops; some simple decoration, less combustible materials, such as some parts machining, storage plant; some closed, combustible materials Many, such as some food processing plants; some also made a food market, supermarkets; some also transformed into a gym, badminton hall and so on. However, regardless of the type of use, they have some common features. First, they have poor fire resistance ( 30 minutes) . They have large internal space, adequate air, and rapid combustion. Based on this feature, we may have the following factors leading to the death of the officers and soldiers when fighting such fires:

The first is the overall or partial collapse of a steel structure and the direct embedding of firefighters engaged in internal attack operations. For example, in 2014 , Taoyuan Bowling Stadium in Taiwan caused the death of six firefighters.

Second, the partial collapse of the steel structure blocks the retreat route and traps firefighters in dangerous areas. For example, in 2012 , a factory fire in the Suzhou Industrial Park Dayun Precision Industry Co., Ltd. caused a firefighter to sacrifice.

Third, large storage racks collapsed to close the retreat route and trap firemen in dangerous areas. For example, in 2013 , a fire broke out in the factory of Kongcheng Xincheng Youcheng Machinery Co., Ltd. in Guali Town, Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou City, causing the death of three firefighters.

Fourth, there are deep wells and ditches in the plant, and firefighters accidentally fell during the attack. For example, in 2013 , a fire in a plant of Brilliance Special Materials in Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province caused a firefighter to sacrifice.

In summary, when fighting large-span large-space steel construction fires, we must pay close attention to building combustion and structural deformation from the perspective of enhancing operational safety, and measure the temperature changes of bearing beam columns in real time; Leaving ample time for evacuation, internal attack should set up water cannons as much as possible; thirdly, position the in-house attackers, echelon rotation and reserve teams; Fourth, strengthen the familiarity with the internal conditions of the factory, including the types of materials frequently stored and the layout of the buildings. Whether there is a hole in the structure or the ground, etc.; Fifth, take care of the safety at the top, prevent it from falling when it breaks, or burn with the hot smoke that has been washed out.

6. Petrochemical and flammable and explosive places

Such fires are prominent in the Jilin and Songyuan regions. It has such characteristics as rapid combustion, large depth of fire area, high flame temperature, explosion prone to explosion, and re-explosion and re-explosion. The safety problems in the fire suppression of such fires mainly include the following aspects:

First, the explosion caused the casualties of the officers and soldiers, which may be caused by the shock wave of the explosion and the direct fire of the detonation. It may also be caused by the debris caused by the explosion of the device. It may also be caused by the underground ditch causing the cover to flutter and fall or the ground to collapse. For example: 2012, at 3:31 on February 24, Jiangbei District, Chongqing Haier Industrial Park Road, Hong Kong City Xin Fang Fine Chemical Co., acetylide device exploded and caused the fire. After the squadron in the area arrived at the scene, it did not do a detailed inspection, directly arrived at the fire point, and put out a fire. The second explosion occurred, causing three soldiers to receive minor injuries. Another example: October 6, 2012, Huaihua, Hunan Changji town officials to section 1117 Mu Temple tunnel with LPG tank car rollover accident occurred. During the rescue process, the liquefied petroleum gas tanker suddenly exploded. The explosion caused the death of three firefighters at the scene . The oldest is 27 years old, and the youngest is still under 20 years old.

The second is the rekindling of large-scale bonfires that surrounded combat personnel and caused casualties.

Third, casualties such as crude oil and other heavy tank fires caused by boiling overflow.

Fourth, poisoning caused by burning toxic substances or toxic substances leaked after fire extinguishing.

To sum up, in fighting flammable and explosive fires such as petrochemicals, from the perspective of enhancing operational safety, we must first strengthen personal protection. The current and more prominent problem is that we do not know how to protect science. Simple multiple-choice questions: What are the protective clothing for nitric acid leakage, leakage of liquefied petroleum gas, leakage of ammonia gas, leakage of gasoline (diesel), spherical tanks or tank fires.) The second is to maintain a certain safety distance, cooling or dilution Set up water cannons as much as possible. The first-line personnel must be lean and the position should be scientific. Third, do a good job of covering foam or sand buried in the area where flammable liquid leaks. Fourthly, special personnel (experts, security personnel) should pay attention to the change of fire and burning at all times. Changes in the temperature of the device (storage tank), scientific estimate of the possibility of boiling spills and explosions; Fifth, the detection of toxic substances in the air at the scene, to ensure that the combat personnel outside the warning zone, and the frontline personnel to replace the air respirator poisoning (Air respirator inflatable car must be away from the scene and inflated in the upwind position)

The information in this article comes from the Internet and was reorganized and edited by China Rescue Equipment Network.