How to carry out fire extinguishing and rescue operations in underground buildings?

With the acceleration of urban modernization and three-dimensional development trends, unprecedented tension has appeared in construction land. The influx of underground construction projects not only relieves the pressure on the ground space to some extent, but also effectively promotes the development of urban infrastructure. The level meets the needs of social development. However, the construction and use of underground buildings has become more and more, the scale has become larger and larger, and the functions of structures have become increasingly complicated, which has brought great challenges to fire safety work. To carry out underground construction firefighting and rescue drills is an urgent task. Through practical exercises, the basic commanders' comprehensive capabilities are enhanced and the combat effectiveness of the troops is increased. This will provide a powerful guarantee for the future development of fire fighting and rescue of underground buildings.

1 Basic conditions and status of underground buildings

With the rapid development of China's economy, growing underground shopping malls, more than 10,000 shopping centers abound in cities, large underground shopping malls and underground shopping malls material centralized, personnel, large flow. Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, in the 1970s, Harbin order to meet the needs of the situation, has built more than 8O Wan in civil air defense projects; the reform and opening to adapt to urban transport, trade in goods, people's lives, material storage, culture the development of entertainment business, the part of the air defense project turned into an underground car park, underground vehicular access, underground shopping malls, underground warehouses, underground casinos, hotels and other underground are more than nearly 2O 1O million for large-scale service facilities. However, because these service buildings were rebuilt on the basis of the original civil air defense project, there is a large gap between the national standards and fire safety design and fire protection facilities construction. There are a large number of hidden fire hazards and the work zone for the urban fire protection department It has come to great difficulty. After several reconstructions and expansions, the underground shopping mall in Harbin has become a representative of the city's underground construction community. At present, it ranks first in the country in terms of its construction area, scale of operation, passenger flow, and external influence.

2 The role and problems of fire fighting and rescue drills

The purpose of the firefighting and rescue combat drill is to improve the firefighting and rescue capabilities of the troops. Actual combat drills are an effective way to improve and test the combat effectiveness of firefighting forces. With the constant attention paid by the firefighting forces at all levels to actual drills, the form and results of the exercises have achieved certain improvements and improvements. However, due to some major and objective factors, there is a serious disconnect between familiar exercises and actual combat, and it is impossible to achieve the training requirements that are close to actual drills. For example, the commander had no clear purpose in the drill, the unscientific use of techniques and tactics in the drill process, the incomplete use of the equipment and equipment performance, or the drill unit’s inconvenience in drill time, drill area, position selection, etc. due to operational needs. . The purpose of all training is to actual combat. The actual fire fighting and rescue drill is the closest to actual combat training methods. Only combining the two organically is the best way to achieve the results of actual combat exercises and improve the quality of training.

3 Problems existing in actual fire extinguishing and rescue drills for underground buildings

(1) Inadequate preparatory work before the drill. It is very necessary to do a preparatory work before the drill is conducted. Whether there is a predecessor exercise or a predecessor exercise, it must be based on a thorough knowledge of the drill unit and a thorough knowledge of the vehicle and equipment. The situation in the area is familiar with the fact that the fire-fighting team has implemented the combat readiness system and has mastered the basic tasks of fire-fighting and rescue initiative. During the drill, the fire brigade often encountered problems such as blocked parking locations, blocked safety exits, changes in the indoor environment, or unfamiliarity with the drill. The purpose of the drill is to train and examine the commander’s ability to organize and make decisions, as well as to increase the force of execution and the use of tactical tactics. Failure to fully familiarize with and fully grasp the performance of equipment and equipment can not achieve the purpose of exercise.

(2) The drill procedure was too process-oriented and did not focus on the key content. Many drills were carried out according to procedures such as the release of subjects, drills, initial controls, post-seasonal attacks, and drill summaries. Before the drill, it is necessary to determine the key points of the drill. It is unrealistic to train all parts of the fire fighting through a drill. It is necessary to confirm several key inspections in each drill. Such as underground firefighting and rescue, fire control, smoke extraction and heat removal, investigation and evacuation, communications, water supply, and combat support can be carried out through multiple drills, one by one key training, and improvement can be achieved from each point. Exercises to improve combat effectiveness.

4 Underground Building Fire Extinguishing Drills

(1) Make full preparations for the drill. "Forewarned is forearmed, without prejudging the waste". To handle any problems, in order to be successful, we must do a good job of investigating and researching everything beforehand, and we must be very knowledgeable and have the initiative. In particular, pre-war preparation work is indispensable for underground buildings with large areas, complicated structures, and numerous personnel. In the past when unplanned drills were conducted, the squadrons were often unfamiliar because they were not familiar with the conditions of the drill units. This resulted in disorderly order in the drills and the officers and men were at a loss, resulting in the inability of the drills to achieve the purpose of testing the training results. The underground key units were to be drilled. On the basis of full familiarity with the investigation, we will solve the drill familiar issues mainly from the following two aspects.

First, the squadron and the reinforcement squadron of the area administer regular inspections of the driving routes leading to underground buildings in the drill exercises or during normal firefighting service training to understand the traffic conditions of the roads on the driving route. With the development of the market economy, some self-employed people often occupy market stalls and take shelter in commercial activities, which often cause obstacles to the passage of vehicles. Therefore, it is the first task of fire preparation work to constantly understand the situation and prevent this from happening. At the same time, we must also understand the planned parking locations and the situation around the underground entrances and exits to prevent the impact of fire operations.

The second is to organize the participating personnel to the scene to familiarize themselves with the position, function, operation methods and technical status of various types of internal fire protection facilities. In particular, master the fire control center, ground pump adapters, internal fire hydrants, fire shutters, smoke prevention systems and accident broadcast and lighting conditions and use methods. The combatants are required not only to understand the performance and role of various types of facilities, but also to learn how to operate certain facilities in preparation for the purpose of controlling fire and extinguishing fires when the control center loses its function. Due to the needs of operations, the internal layout of the underground often changes, and the changes in the forms and the increase in various materials will inevitably deviate from the extinguishing plan of fire prepared in advance. Therefore, the participating squadrons should regularly organize personnel to carry out on-site surveys and make timely adjustments to the changes in the fire fighting operations plan, so that the operational plan will always maintain a certain degree of practicality. With regard to the interconnection of underground buildings, the officers and men participating in the war must not only be familiar with the map, but also master their actual conditions. This is a necessary requirement for flexible implementation of tactical operations.

The main body of a fire in an underground building is a commodity. The quantity and chemical properties of the commodity will affect the size of the fire, the temperature of the fire, the length of the fire, and the difficulty of fighting. Therefore, the commander of the participating squadron should find out the type, quantity, chemical characteristics, and storage form of the various shopping malls and regional dealers, and keep abreast of the changes so as to provide detailed information for the correct application of fire-fighting countermeasures.

(2) Do a good job of training and master the fire fighting and evacuation methods in the early stages of the drill. In the course of the drill, the self-rescue of the early stage unit is an important link. Many units did not receive special guidance, and they were either unavoidably unavoidably involved in the organization's evacuation or self-rescue, or the scene was very confusing, or they just took the form, especially the squadron-based fire drill. . Because the rehearsal units do not pay enough attention and the Squadron did not carry out regular training activities, many of the squadron-level drills simplified the self-help links for drills, wasting training opportunities for social units, and once there was a real fire, it was prone to early fire control and personnel. Evacuation of unfavorable phenomena. Therefore, we must do the following work well.

First, the cadres of the fire squadron in the area shall, with the cooperation of the fire prevention department, carry out fire-fighting technical training for the employees or volunteer firefighters, organize them to learn the basic theory of fire fighting and the use of various fire extinguishers, and apply them to fire-fighting and evacuation personnel. In practical exercises such as other aspects, we should do a good job in the fight against fires and control of the initial fire.

The second is to formulate the evacuation route, methods and methods for personnel during the exercise plan. Arrange the security of the unit, the employees, the volunteer firefighters and the fire squadron cadres to be responsible for this work, and arrange the strengths and various equipment required. . The organizer must study a variety of methods for evacuating people, with strong pertinence and practical results. The necessary mandatory measures must also be in place to prevent individual personnel from disrupting the entire evacuation plan.

(3) Strengthen the management of fire-fighting technical equipment and improve the operational capacity of combatants in drills. The drill is a test of the use of the organization's command and tactics, and it is also an effective test of the combination of people and vehicles and equipment. In the course of drills, there are often cases where the equipment is damaged and the operating procedures are not familiar with the situation of delaying firefighting and fighting. Such problems are extremely unreasonable in the exercise process for the purpose of training the team. We must strengthen the management of firefighting technology equipment and establish a management system. And training programs to prevent the occurrence of problems.

The first is to establish a strict management, use, and maintenance system for special equipment such as air respirator, fireproof and heat insulation clothing, and fire thermal camera. With sufficient equipment for the squadron, the special equipment should be dedicated to personnel and responsible for management, use, and maintenance. Stop the use of equipment with more breakdowns and heavy damage to prevent accidents.

The second is the technical performance of the special equipment, the use of methods, the operator should be proficient, the squadron should arrange training programs, training time should be determined according to proficiency, reduce equipment wear. The training content should not only have training in operation, but also arrange theoretical study of maintenance and other technical aspects, so as to ensure that the special equipment maintains a good technical state during the drill.

5 Training focus of field exercises

The purpose of the actual drill is to exercise various firefighting and rescue tactics, improve the tactical application level of the commander and the operational command capability, and improve the fire fighting team's cooperative combat capability and comprehensive rescue capability.

5 . 1 Fire-fighting techniques and tactics training in the squadron drill in the responsible area

(1) Initiate internal firefighting facilities with drills. First, it cooperates with the control center to conduct training on personnel evacuation, regional cutoff, prevention of smoke exhaust, and offensive position setting. Secondly, in the event of a loss of control of the control center, the firefighters have to carry out various fire-fighting facilities for training. The purpose is to enable the firefighters to learn how to use internal fire protection facilities to stop the spread of fire, reduce the burning area, and focus on eliminating fire.

(2) Use various technical equipment to conduct multi-point storm drills. In order to reduce the depth of combat and give full play to the performance of existing firefighting technology and equipment, the combat squadron will assemble war fighters into a number of combat teams, and use the safe entrances and exits in the main battle area to conduct tactical training in the formation of short distances, small areas, and cofferdams. The combat group took a group of 3 people and entered the burning area from the safe entrance and exit. It relied on the bearing structure to advance along the water's edge and gradually approached another team. Finally, it enabled two or more adjacent combat teams to attack one small area. Fire point, to achieve good cooperation. The purpose of the drill is to enable the combatants to master the essentials of short-range offensive underground fires, require that the combat operations be rapid, and that the battles be carried out in accordance with the actual conditions on the ground, and that the personnel must be skilled in cooperation.

(3) evacuation and rescue personnel drills. This exercise should be conducted in two ways. The first is to cooperate with the internal security and compulsory firefighters in the mall to conduct training on methods and methods for evacuation and rescue personnel. Assuming that the fire squadron arrived at the scene, the fire unit personnel are organizing the evacuation. The squadron commander should immediately order the evacuation and rescue team to fight according to their respective tasks. First, the use of portable speakers should be used for radio propaganda to stabilize the evacuation of the people's emotions and require them to obey orders in order to evacuate. At the same time, other personnel and mall security and volunteer firefighters will organize and maintain the evacuation order and work hard to help the old, the weak, the sick and the disabled, and the women and children to go ahead. The blind people who do not obey the organization should try to control and cause a lot of people due to crowding. In the case of accumulation, it is necessary to organize elite secret service members to take strong measures to take away crowded people and rescue the victims outside. For the spread of fire and smoke on the evacuation channel, under the cooperation of water guns and smoke exhausters, control and directional discharge should be carried out to create safe conditions for evacuation and rescue work. The second is to organize hardcore personnel to drill deep in the burning area to search for and rescue the victims of the drill. Based on prior knowledge of the operational situation and the results of inquiries from insiders on the fire, they ordered the team to go deep into the interior of the burning area, using methods such as listening, watching, and shouting, and fire-fighting thermal cameras to each business room, aisle, and bag-shaped walkways. In order to find the victims in mechanical equipments, offices, warehouses, etc., once discovered, they quickly took the necessary measures and evacuated to the ground. For those who are at risk of life, if conditions permit, fire escape masks should be used to help escape or use artificial respiration to rescue them and allow them to wake up and evacuate to the ground.

5 . 2 multi-squadron cooperative exercises

The multi-squadron cooperative drill can also be called a combined tactical drill. The purpose is to promote mutual tactical actions to further familiarize themselves with the situation in the combat area and to narrow the distance between practicing and fighting.

(1) Battle assembly exercises. The training order is issued by the detachment headquarters. After receiving the order, all the squadrons can quickly and safely set up the fire scene according to the requirements of the operational plan, divide the task according to the operational tasks, park the fire engine at the offensive position, and prepare for combat offense. The participating squadrons, on the way of assault, can assume that the passage of the road is blocked and apply for changes to the original route. The aim is to train the team to handle accidents flexibly during the assembly and ensure safe assembly time. After receiving a command from the headquarters, they quickly diverted the road. During the journey, the commander of the squadron should keep in touch with the command of the detachment and report the position of the vehicle at any time.

(2) Tactical coordination exercises. In accordance with the tactical requirements of the operational plan, the commander should first order the participating squadrons to carry out field strength settings according to the original plan. All firefighters and fighters enter their combat positions according to their respective tasks and divisions of work, and can start various fire-fighting facilities and assist fire fighting. After a period of time, the headquarters can carry out on-site tactical coordination exercises based on changes in the assumed fire. For example, a number of people in a theater are besieged by fire. The squadrons in charge of this area are difficult to carry out rescue missions. The headquarters can arrange special forces in other theaters to cooperate with the main squadron in the theater to carry out rescue missions. The forces are called out of the theater. In the case of a fire-fighting mission, the commanding headquarters shall promptly notify the adjacent squadron of the theater or deploy other squadrons to undertake the fire-fighting task

(3) Water drill. The drill is divided into two subjects. The first is to organize large-tonnage fire engines to connect ground pump adapters or underground fire hydrants to provide water supply training to underground water supply networks. The second is to lay water along the “safety entrances and exits” of underground staircases, drill water supplies to forward positions, and focus on the drills to replace the hoses and extend the water.

(4) fire field communication drills. First of all, we must be familiar with the location of the internal communication transfer point in underground shopping malls, use bare communication cables or other transfer equipment, and connect each area of ​​the ground to the ground to establish a two-level communication network on the fire site. It is required that the commander of the fire field be able to work with each participating squadron. Each squadron maintains good communications with its positions.

(5) Multiplexed exercises. In order to enable all sectors of the community to cooperate with the fire department in the large-scale fire scene to complete the life-saving and fire-fighting tasks, according to the conditions and requirements of the underground shopping mall where fire may occur, water, sanitation, electricity, traffic police, security guards, patrolmen, troops, and full-time employees are organized in a timely manner. The fire brigade and the fire-fighting unit’s volunteer firefighters, in accordance with the fire-prevention plan, cooperate with the public security fire-fighting force to conduct evacuation and fire fighting in certain situations. The comprehensive, multi-faceted and multi-task training enables the participating units and personnel to clarify their tasks and responsibilities. Skillful self-rescue fire in the specific actions to jointly safeguard the people's lives and national property security.

The information in this article comes from the Internet and was reorganized and edited by China Rescue Equipment Network.