In recent years, there have been many fire accidents caused by improper use of flammable and flammable insulation materials or improper fire protection measures for exterior wall decoration in the building external thermal insulation system, which not only caused a certain degree of loss to the state and people's property, but also caused A serious social impact.
From another perspective, the selection and application of materials for building exterior insulation systems is even more important. CCTV new site building fire, Shanghai Jing'an District high-rise residential building fire, Shenyang first tall building dynasty Wanxin International Building fire, Jinan Olympic Sports Center Stadium fire, Harbin "latitude and longitude 360 ​​degree" Gemini building fire, Changchun's highest residential building Jiatai Dijing City Fire accidents such as fires have occurred one after another, causing huge losses to the lives and property of the masses. At the same time, we also reminded us that the fire performance of building exterior wall insulation systems needs to be further improved.
Second, the cause of the fire in the building thermal insulation system The author conducted a survey on the local construction site and the construction projects used in recent years, and concluded that the building exterior wall insulation materials used by new investors in recent years are basically from design to construction. All are made of external insulation materials with fire resistance of B2 (combustible) or even B3 (flammable). After the fire in the CCTV building, although the Ministry of Public Security and the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development jointly issued the provisional regulations on the external thermal insulation system for civil buildings and exterior wall decoration on September 25, 2009, it is stipulated that the combustion performance of the external wall insulation materials for civil buildings should be Class A (non-combustible), and should not be lower than B2, but in actual implementation, the difficulty is very large, which directly leads to the high incidence of fire accidents in construction sites. The main causes of frequent fire accidents are the following: the standards for building insulation materials are not perfect, and the industry has poor self-control.
At present, the organic insulation materials currently used in the construction field mainly include polystyrene board (EPS), extruded board (XPS) and polyurethane (PU). These three materials have poor fire safety performance and are easy to burn. They can all meet the national standard by adding flame retardants. Because China's fire protection design standards for building exterior wall insulation systems are suitable for Class A refractory grade materials, many construction projects do not follow the fire protection design requirements during the actual construction process. As a result, the fire resistance grade and fire endurance of these materials are both Not meeting the requirements.
The construction period of the project is long and the management is difficult.
The external thermal insulation material has the characteristics of extremely fast spreading speed, concealed combustion, and difficulty in controlling in the event of a fire. The construction period of high-rise buildings and large-scale venues is long, the management is inconvenient, and there are many combustible materials on the construction site, which makes the fire hazards difficult to be discovered in time.
There are many types of exterior wall insulation materials on the market, and the price gap is large.
At present, China's domestic and international wall insulation materials professional appraisal institutions are the Tianjin Fire Research Institute of the Ministry of Public Security and the Sichuan Fire Research Institute of the Ministry of Public Security, but the number of manufacturers that have been certified to meet the Class A fire resistance grade of external wall insulation materials is small, resulting in external walls. The price of thermal insulation materials (Grade A) has remained high. In order to save construction costs, some construction units are taking risks and using flammable and even flammable exterior wall insulation materials.
The fire protection facilities in the building are imperfect and the fire fighting capacity is weak.
As the fire protection facilities of the construction in progress are not completed, the fire protection facilities inside the building are not perfect, so that the initial fire is not easy to be detected, and the fire spread cannot be controlled in time, thus delaying the favorable opportunity for the rescue.
Third, the development trend of several commonly used external thermal insulation materials is to profoundly absorb the lessons of fire accidents. The Ministry of Public Security and the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development are working hard to revise relevant standards and regulations. Before the release of the new standards and new regulations, the Ministry of Public Security of the People's Republic of China issued a notice No. 65 on further clarifying the relevant requirements for fire protection supervision and management of civil building exterior insulation materials. The notice pointed out that in order to curb the current building flammable and combustible external insulation The momentum of material fires is high, the source of fire prevention and control is closed, and the fire protection design review, fire inspection and registration of the civil building exterior insulation materials are included. For civil buildings with external thermal insulation materials within the scope of fire protection design review and fire inspection of construction projects, the combustion performance of the external thermal insulation materials shall be checked and accepted. For civil constructions with external thermal insulation materials outside the scope specified in Articles 13 and 14 of the Fire Protection Supervision and Management Regulations for Construction Projects (Order No. 106 of the Ministry of Public Security), all of them shall be subject to random inspection. Before the issuance of the new standard, the second provision of the temporary implementation of the civil building external thermal insulation system and the external wall decoration fire protection (Jongtongzi No. 46) is stipulated. The civil building external thermal insulation material adopts the material with the burning performance of Class A. At present, the exterior wall of the building mainly uses the following kinds of external wall insulation materials: Polystyrene expanded foam EPS (polystyrene board) EPS flame-retardant building materials are introduced to China in the late 1980s. At present, large-scale buildings have been formed in large and medium-sized cities in China. Very good social and economic benefits have been widely promoted and applied in China. Especially with the continuous improvement of materials and application technology, this insulation system has become one of the most competitive systems in today's building energy-saving wall. EPS fire-retardant building materials have a fire-resistance rating of B2. It is clearly stated in the "molding polystyrene foam for thermal insulation" GB/T10801. 1). Polystyrene expanded foam (EPS) usually contains 93% of poly Styrene and 6%-7% foaming agent are widely used in electrical and electronic packaging/food containers/light wall and road dam soft soil foundation treatment. Recently, the domestic research on EPS mainly focuses on the treatment of the flame retardant nanotechnology, the molecular weight of the polymer, the selection of a specific proportion of the blowing agent, and the screening of additives with the inter-molecular force of the polymer. The fire rating is increased to B1.
Extruded polystyrene foam XPS (extruded sheet) The traditional extruded polystyrene sheet vinyl foam (XPS) fire rating is B2 grade and is a flammable building material. With the gradual improvement of energy-saving levels, people hope to obtain insulation materials with better insulation effect to reduce the total thickness of the wall. The XPS board complies with this requirement because its thermal conductivity is lower than that of the EPS board. At the same time, since the XPS board hardly absorbs water, it can maintain excellent thermal insulation performance and high strength for a long time under humid conditions, and the use is also more and more common, but the fireproof performance of the extruded board is not good, and it has been operating in engineering. Various stages have brought serious fire hazards. At present, the fire performance of the newly developed extruded board has been strengthened, meeting the national fire protection performance standard A level requirements, and the relevant industrial departments have begun to promote the A-level fireproof standard fireproof and thermal insulation board, and its high-efficiency fireproof performance is combined with good energy-saving effect; It does not soften at high temperature, does not melt, has low smoke, does not spread flame, and is resistant to flame penetration.
Rigid polyurethane insulation large plates can be widely used in color steel sandwich panels, central air conditioners, building wall materials, cold storage, cooling rooms, incubators, chemical tanks and other fields. Hard polyurethane has low thermal conductivity and good thermal performance. When the density of rigid polyurethane is 35 -40kg/m3, the thermal conductivity is only 0.018 -0.024w / (mk), which is equivalent to half of EPS, which is the lowest thermal conductivity of all insulation materials.
Rigid polyurethane has the characteristics of moisture resistance, water resistance and high temperature resistance. Polyurethane is a flame-retardant self-extinguishing material after adding a flame retardant. Its softening point can reach above 250 degrees Celsius, and decomposition occurs only at higher temperatures. In addition, the polyurethane will form carbon deposits on the surface of the foam when it is burned. This layer of carbon helps to isolate the underlying foam and effectively prevents the flame from spreading.
In recent years, the fire department has carried out several special rectification activities for the fire safety of building exterior walls, and has received certain results, but has not fundamentally solved the problem. If the fire performance and quality of building exterior insulation materials or exterior wall decoration panels are not fundamentally improved, many fire safety prevention work can only be superficial articles.
Only by taking precautions at the source and strictly regulating the fire performance of the external wall insulation system in the form of laws and regulations, the fire safety management work can achieve twice the result with half the effort. At present, the relevant departments are revising the temporary regulations on the fire protection system for civil buildings and the decoration of exterior walls. In the future, there will be stricter regulations to restrict the construction enterprises, and they are required to use the building exterior wall insulation materials with good fire performance to build safety. Reliable insulation system.
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