Compost is an organic fertilizer with rich nutrients and long and stable fertilizer effect. It is also conducive to the formation of soil solid-grain structure, which can increase soil water retention, heat preservation, ventilation and fertilizer retention, and is mixed with chemical fertilizer. It can also make up for the deficiency of nutrients contained in chemical fertilizers, and the long-term single use of chemical fertilizers to make the soil compact, retain water and maintain fertilizer performance. Composting is the use of various plant residues (crop straw, weeds, leaves, peat, garbage and other wastes) as the main raw material, mixed with manure and excrement of organic fertilizer. Because of its stacking materials, stacking principle, and the composition and nature of its fat content and similar fertilizer, it is also called artificial manure.
Composting - Introduction
Composting is the product of composting materials in the process of composting. In the past, the composting of agricultural materials was called manure. The organic materials were piled up into small particles and the traits were changed. The composting materials came from vegetation, such as litter. Food feed, bark, and bagasse (the number is primary material) such as kitchen waste. Excreta such as animals and animals are secondary materials that have been initially composted. These materials are turned into fertilizers through the composting process. At present, the popular kitchen waste compost can be made in some very simple steps. However, the process of composting must be paid attention to, otherwise it is easy to incur a large number of mosquitoes and flies, and the environment that is not made into fertilizers is more unsanitary.
Composting - Classification
Composting can be divided into general composting and high-temperature composting. The former fermentation temperature is lower, the latter pre-fermentation temperature is higher, and the compacting measures are generally adopted in the later stage. High-temperature composting has a certain effect on promoting the maturity of crop stalks, human and animal waste, weeds, garbage sludge and other deposits, as well as killing germs, eggs and weed seeds. High temperature compost can be piled up by semi-pit stacking and ground stacking. The former has a pit depth of about 1 m, while the latter does not require a pit. Both require ventilation grooves to facilitate the life of aerobic microorganisms. Both need to lay a layer
Crop straw, etc., then lay a layer of human and animal excrement, and splash some lime water (no alkaline water area does not need to splash lime water), and then cover a layer of soil. Generally, the fermentation is 56 ° C or more for 5 to 6 days, and the high temperature is 50 to 60 ° C for 10 days. If the temperature of the compost suddenly drops, it should be replenished in time. When the temperature of the compost is lowered below 40 °C, most of the organic matter in the high-temperature compost forms humus.
Compost - Type
(1) a mixture of urine and feces excreted by the human body
Human feces contain about 70% to 80% water, 20% organic matter (fibers, fats, proteins and salts and chlorides such as silicon, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium), a small amount of fecal odor, faeces Quality and pigments, etc. Human urine moisture and urea, salt, uric acid, hippuric acid, phosphate, ammonium salts, trace elements and auxin. Human feces and urine are often mixed with pathogens and parasite eggs, and should be treated in a harmless manner before application to avoid polluting the environment. The carbon and nitrogen ratio (C/N) of human feces and urine is low, and it is easy to decompose. It contains more nitrogen. It can be used as quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer after maturity. It can be used as base fertilizer or top dressing. It should be combined with phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. However, it should not be mixed with alkaline fertilizer (grass ash, lime); the amount should not be too much; the dry land should be diluted with water, and the soil should be reapplied after application; the paddy field should be combined with the ploughing field, and the shallow water should be evenly splashed to avoid evaporation, loss and crop length. Avoid chlorine crops should not be used, so as not to affect the quality.
(2) Fertilizers formed by mixing and accumulating livestock excrement and gasket materials and feed residues and acting as microorganisms
Rich in organic matter and various nutrients. In various animal excrement, the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in sheep manure is high, followed by pig and horse manure, and cow dung is the lowest; excretion is the highest in cow dung, followed by pig and horse, and sheep dung is the least. The gasket material is straw, weed, fallen leaves, peat and dry soil. The accumulation of manure in the ring (sprinking the gasket material directly into the enclosure to absorb the excrement) and the accumulation of the outside of the circle (the livestock excrement is cleared out of the enclosure and the gasket material is piled up layer by layer). Decomposed and decomposed by suspicion. During the accumulation, its chemical composition is changed by the action of microorganisms. The role of manure: 1 provides plant nutrients. Including the essential elements of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur and trace elements such as iron, manganese, boron, zinc, molybdenum, copper and other inorganic nutrients; amino acids, amides, nucleic acids and other organic nutrients and active substances such as vitamins B1, B6 Wait. Maintain a relative balance of nutrients. 2 improve the effectiveness of soil nutrients. The manure contains a large amount of microorganisms and various enzymes (protease, urease, phosphorylase), which promotes the organic nitrogen and phosphorus to be inorganic and is used for crop absorption. It can also form stable complexes of calcium, magnesium, iron and aluminum in the soil, reduce the fixation of phosphorus and increase the effective phosphorus content. 3 improve soil structure. Humic colloid promotes the formation of soil aggregate structure, reduces bulk density, improves soil permeability, and coordinates water and gas conflicts. It also improves soil cushioning and improves mineral fields. 4 fertility and soil fertility, improve soil fertility and water retention. After the manure is decomposed, it is mainly used as a base fertilizer. The nutrients of fresh manure are mostly organic, and the ratio of carbon to nitrogen (C/N) is large. It is not suitable for direct application, especially for rice fields.
(3) Mixing plant stalks, green manure, weeds and other plant matter with soil, human waste, garbage, etc.
A fertilizer that is decomposed by aerobic microorganisms. It is used as a base fertilizer and has a large application rate. It can provide nutrients and improve soil traits, especially for improving sand, clay and saline soil.
(4) Fertilizers such as crop stalks, green manure, weeds and other plant matter and river, pond mud and human excrement are placed in the puddles and fermented by micro-organisms.
It is generally applied as a base fertilizer to rice fields. Manure can be divided into two types: manure and grass pond mud. The manure can be accumulated at any time, and the grass pond mud is accumulated in the winter and spring. Due to lack of oxygen during the accumulation, the intermediate products of ferrous iron, manganese and various organic acids are accumulated in large amounts, and the ratio of carbon to nitrogen is too high and the nutrients of calcium and magnesium are insufficient, which are not conducive to microbial activity. Should turn the pond and add green manure and appropriate amount of human waste, lime, etc., to supplement oxygen, low carbon and nitrogen ratio, improve the nutritional status of microorganisms, accelerate the maturity.
Residues of biogas fertilizer crop straw, grass and human excrement in biogas tank after microbial fermentation to obtain biogas. Rich in organic matter and essential nutrients. The biogas fermentation is slow, the organic matter consumption is less, the loss of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is less, the nitrogen recovery rate is 95%, and the potassium is above 90%. Biogas and water fertilizers are used for dryland topdressing; slag fertilizers are used as paddy fertilizers for paddy fields. After the biogas fertilizer is discharged from the pond, it should be piled up for several days before reuse.
Composting - manufacturing principle
It mainly uses a variety of microorganisms to mineralize, humify and detoxify plant organic residues, and convert various complex organic nutrients into soluble nutrients and humus, while utilizing the accumulation High temperature (60-70 ° C) to kill the bacteria, eggs and weed seeds brought by the raw materials, to achieve the purpose of harmless. Therefore, in order to obtain high-quality compost, in the process of pile-up, it is the key to accelerate the composting and improve the fertilizer efficiency.
Composting - Production Technology
(1) Composting materials
The materials used to make compost can be roughly divided into three categories according to their nature:
The first category: basic materials are substances that are not easily decomposed, such as various crop straws, weeds, fallen leaves, vines, peat, garbage, vegetable waste, food waste
Wait.
The second category: substances that promote decomposition are generally substances containing more nitrogen and high-temperature fiber-decomposing bacteria, such as human and animal urine, sewage, silkworm sand, horse manure, sheep manure, old compost, grass ash, lime, and the like.
The third category: a substance with strong absorption adds a small amount of peat, fine soil and a small amount of superphosphate or phosphate rock during the accumulation process, which can prevent and reduce the volatilization of ammonia and improve the fertilizer efficiency of compost.
(2) Processing of materials
In order to accelerate the decomposing, different materials are processed before being piled up.
(1) Urban garbage should be sorted, and cullet, stone, tile, plastic and other sundries should be selected, especially to prevent the entry of heavy metals and toxic organic and inorganic substances.
(2) All kinds of stacked materials should be crushed in principle, and the contact area is conducive to decomposing, but it is difficult to promote energy and manpower. Generally, it is better to cut various stacked materials into 2-5 inches long.
(3) For materials with high hardness and high wax content, such as corn and sorghum rods, the water absorption is lower. It is best to soak the material with sewage or 2% lime water to destroy the wax layer on the straw surface and use water absorption. Promote decompression.
(4) Aquatic weeds, due to excessive water content, should be slightly dried and then stacked.
(3) Place of construction
The place where the topography is high, the leeward sun is sunny, the water source is close, and the transportation is convenient to apply is the storage site. For convenient transportation and application, the accumulation site can be properly dispersed. After the site is selected, the ground is leveled.
(four) setting the venting channel
On the flat and sturdy site, excavate the “Ten†or “well†glyphs, each about 15-20 cm wide, and spread the hard and firm crop straws on the ditch as the ventilation ditch at the bottom of the compost. At the intersection of the two small grooves, a wooden stick or a bundle of long and thick straws are placed perpendicularly to the ground as the upper and lower venting holes of the compost.
(5) Formulation ratio of stacked materials
The general proportion of stacked materials is: 1000 kg of straw, weeds and fallen leaves of various crops, 200-300 kg of feces and urine, 100-200 kg of water.
(The amount of water added depends on the dryness of the raw materials.) Each layer can be covered with a thin layer of soil, mainly for the role of limestone, peat, etc. In order to accelerate the maturity, each layer can be inoculated with high-humidity decomposing fiber bacteria (such as enzyme bacteria). If it is lacking, it can be added with appropriate amount of horse dung or old compost, deep dark ditch mud and fertile soil to promote decomposing. However, the soil should not be too much, so as not to affect the quality of compost and compost. Therefore, the farmer said: the grass is not muddy, the mud is not fat. This fully shows that adding an appropriate amount of fertilizer, not only has the effect of fertilizer and fertilizer, but also promotes the decomposition of organic matter.
(6) Stacking
A layer of sludge, fine soil or turf soil with a thickness of about 20 cm is placed on the ventilation ditch of the stacking yard as a bottom pad for absorbing the infiltrated fertilizer. Then, the processed materials (after thorough mixing) are stacked and solidified layer by layer. After pouring the manure and water on each layer, evenly sprinkle a small amount of lime, phosphate rock or other phosphate fertilizer (the piled material can be used without treatment with lime water), and sheep horse manure, old compost or inoculation. High temperature fibers break down bacteria. Each layer needs to be “full, drink, and tightâ€. The so-called "satisfaction" refers to the straw and the adjustment of carbon-nitrogen ratio of urea or soil fertilizer and wheat bran should be added according to the required amount to ensure the quality of compost. “Drinking the foot†means that the straw must be saturated with water, and adding enough water is the key to composting. "Covering tight" is to seal with mud after piles, which can play the role of heat preservation and water retention. Stack up layer by layer until it is as high as 4-6 feet (1.2 meters / 1.5 meters). The thickness of each layer is extremely thick, generally 1-2 (15/25cm) ruler. The upper layer should be thin, the middle and lower layers should be slightly thicker. The amount of manure and water added to each layer should be higher in the upper layer and less in the lower layer. Down, the top and bottom are evenly distributed. The stack width and stack length can be determined by the amount of material and ease of operation. The pile shape can be made into a skull shape or other shapes. After stacking, it should be sealed with 2 inches thick mud, fine soil and old plastic film in time to facilitate heat preservation, water retention and fertilizer retention. Then, open the annular groove around it to facilitate drainage.
(7) Post-heap management
After 3 to 5 days after the general heap, the organic matter begins to be decomposed by microorganisms to release heat, and the temperature inside the reactor rises slowly. After 7-8 days, the temperature inside the reactor rises remarkably, up to 6
0-70 ° C, high temperature is likely to cause lack of water in the heap, so that microbial activity is weakened, and the decomposition of raw materials is incomplete. Therefore, during the stacking process, it is necessary to frequently check the moisture and temperature changes of the upper, middle and lower parts of the pile. The inspection method can be tested with a compost thermometer. If there is no composting thermometer, you can use a long iron rod to insert into the pile. After parking for 5 minutes, pull out and try it by hand. The hand feels that the temperature is about 30 ° C, and the fever is about 40-50 ° C. It feels hot about 60 ° C or more. Check the moisture to observe the dry and wet condition of the surface of the inserted part of the iron bar. If it is in a wet state, it means that the amount of water is appropriate; if it is in a dry state, it means that the water is too small, and water can be added to the top of the pile. If the water and ventilation in the pile are adapted, the temperature will gradually rise in the first few days after the pile, and the maximum will be reached in the left one week. The high temperature stage will be maintained, not less than 3 days, and the temperature will slowly drop after 10 days. Under this normal condition, turn over once in 20-25 days, turn the outer layer to the middle, turn the middle to the outside, add appropriate amount of manure water as needed to re-deposit and promote decomposing. After re-stacking, after another 20-30 days, the raw materials are nearly black, rotten and smelly, indicating that they have been basically ripe. It can be used, or pressed to cover the soil for later use.
Compost - maturity
First, the conditions of maturity
1, moisture. Maintaining proper water content is a prerequisite for promoting microbial activity and composting fermentation. Generally, 60% to 75% of the maximum water holding capacity of the compost material is suitable.
2, ventilation. Keeping proper air in the heap is beneficial to the reproduction and activity of aerobic microorganisms and promotes the decomposition of organic matter. When composting at high temperature, it should pay more attention to the moderate tightness of packing to facilitate ventilation.
3. Maintain a neutral or slightly alkaline environment. Add appropriate amount of lime or calcareous soil to neutralize acidity and promote microbial reproduction and activity.
4. Carbon to nitrogen ratio. The carbon to nitrogen ratio of microorganisms to the normal decomposition of organic matter is 25:1. The ratio of carbon to nitrogen in leguminous green manure is 15 to 25:1, the weed is 25 to 45:1, and the stem of gramineous crop is 60 to 100:1. Therefore, according to the type of compost material, an appropriate amount of a substance containing a higher nitrogen content is added to reduce the carbon-nitrogen ratio and promote microbial activity.
Second, the level of maturity inspection standards
The quality of composting is a comprehensive indicator for identifying the quality of compost. It can be judged according to its color, odor, straw hardness, compost leachate, compost volume, carbon to nitrogen ratio and humification coefficient.
(1) From the color odor, the straw of the composted compost becomes brown or dark brown, has a black juice night, has an ammonia odor, and is rapidly measured by an ammonium reagent, and the ammonium nitrogen content thereof is remarkably increased.
(2) Straw hardness, composting by hand, soft and elastic when warm; very brittle when dry, easy to break, organic matter loses elasticity.
(3) compost leaching solution, take the compost compost, add water and stir (fertility water ratio 1:5-10), place for 3-5 minutes, the leaching solution is light yellow.
(4) The volume of compost is 2/3-1/2 less than that of the pile.
(5) Carbonitriding, generally 20-30:1 (best at 25:1)
(6) The humification coefficient is about 30%.
The compost that achieves the above indicators is a high-quality compost with good fertilizer efficiency and can be applied to various soils and crops. Adherence to long-term application can not only achieve high yield, but also have significant effects on soil improvement and soil fertility.
(Pei Ning)
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