Author: Ministry of Agriculture expert guidance group of wheat
At present, the spring has passed, the rain is approaching, and the wheat has entered the green, the body, and the jointing stage from south to north. In general, the seedlings of the winter wheat area in the north of this year are better, but the late-growing wheat fields in the southern part of the Huanghuai area and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are not enough before winter, the population is small, the seedling age is small, and the individual is weak; Insufficient lyrics, drought signs appear; wheat rust disease core in the summer area of ​​the bacteria source base is large, there is a possibility of aggravation; weeds before winter, breeding in the spring is difficult. All localities should strengthen the classification and guidance, and promote the transformation and upgrading of the seedlings due to the implementation of good field management measures due to the cause of the seedlings. The technical route of spring field management is to promote and control the combination, to promote the main, to strengthen the classification and guidance, scientifically manage the fertilizer and water, promote the transformation and upgrading of the seedlings, build a reasonable group, and lay a good foundation for harvest.
I. Spring field management techniques in winter wheat areas of North China and Huanghuai
Most of the wheat fields in North China and Huanghuai winter wheat areas are suitable for soil moisture, and the seedling condition is a good year in recent years. Spring field management should rationally manage water and fertilizer, promote the multi-grain weight of the panicle, and lay a good foundation for high wheat yield.
(1) Repressing and arranging, raising and protecting the seedlings, and promoting the early growth of the seedlings. The combination of suppression and slashing should generally be carried out by pressing the sputum first, so as to achieve the effect of upper Panasonic, lifting, protecting and warming. In the autumn when the soil is extensively planted, sloppy and irrigated, the wheat field in the early spring is repressed in time to solidify the soil, bridging the cracks, reducing water evaporation and promoting root growth.
(2) Promote the combination of control, fertilizer and water management, and manage the watering of wheat fields. The three types of seedlings are mainly promoted. In spring, the topdressing is carried out twice. The first time in the regreening period, when the temperature is 5 cm, the temperature is stable at about 5 °C, and the fertilizer is watered. The urea is applied with 5-7 kg of urea and the appropriate amount of diammonium phosphate. The second time is carried out at the jointing stage to raise the ear. Number of grains. The second type of seedlings promotes control and combination. The level of soil fertility is generally the second type of wheat field with a number of acres and stems of 500,000. In the early stage of wheat, the water is used to combine the water and the acre to recover 10-15 kg of urea. The second level of wheat with a high level of soil fertility and a number of acres of stems is 600,000. water. A type of seedling control promotes combination. The body is sprayed with Zhuangfengan and other regulators to shorten the internodes, control the plant growth, and prevent lodging during the late growth period. In the jointing stage, the fertilizer is watered, and the urea is 13-15 kg. Wang Chang Miao is mainly controlled. For the phenomenon of no de-fertilization, the seedlings should be suppressed in early spring to avoid excessive spring tillering. Fertilization and watering in the jointing stage, 10-15 kg of urea applied per mu; for the phenomenon of de-fertilization, the topdressing and watering in the rising period, the mu chase Apply urea 10-15 kg.
(3) Repressing and raising the sputum, picking up the rain, and managing the wheat in the dry land. For dryland wheat without hydration conditions, it is necessary to use the cracking as a key measure for spring wheat field management to improve the drought resistance of wheat. In the early spring, after the soil is re-slurry or after a light rain, the fertilizer is applied with nitrogen fertilizer, and about 10 kg of urea is applied per mu. The application of diammonium phosphate to the base fertilizer without the application of phosphate fertilizer.
(4) Prevention and control of pests and diseases, chemical weeding, and comprehensive prevention and control. It is necessary to do root disease such as sheath blight, total rot disease, root rot disease, viral diseases such as bushy dwarf disease and yellow dwarf disease, as well as forecasting and forecasting of wheat spiders, underground pests and grass pests, and guide farmers to select correct pesticides for timely prevention and treatment. To strengthen the chemical weeding work after regreening, strictly in accordance with the use concentration, appropriate period and technical operation procedures, so as to avoid phytotoxicity.
(5) Investigate the situation of winter frost damage and timely manage the winter wheat field. Pay close attention to the weather changes, fill the water before cooling, adjust the microclimate near the ground layer, reduce the ground temperature variation, and prevent the early spring frost damage.
2. Spring field management techniques in the winter wheat area of ​​the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River
The late-season wheat population in some areas of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is small and individuals are weak. It is necessary to grasp the early spring returning period, because the seedling system should be classified and managed to promote weakening and strengthening, timely control of pests and diseases, clearing the ditch and preventing waterlogging.
(1) Applying strong and strong fat, and promoting weak and strong. For the wheat fields where the population is too small (the number of stems of the population is less than 300,000/mu), it is necessary to apply 10-15 kg of ternary (15% each of NPK) high-efficiency compound fertilizer in February, and to the rice seedlings with weak seedlings. Apply 5 kg of urea to the acre to promote the growth of weak seedlings and increase the incidence of tillering and panicle formation. For normal wheat fields, the early spring fertilization should be controlled. Wheat fields with poor grievances should be topdressed and watered during the greening period.
(2) Clearing the ditch, preventing waterlogging and drought prevention. Before the wheat jointing, the wheat fields that have not opened the drainage ditch should catch the sunny day and open the three ditch in the wheat field as soon as possible. The ditch and soil should be evenly spread without damaging the wheat seedlings. The wheat fields that have been opened well should be dredged in time to ensure smooth drainage, so that the rain stops the fields and the ditch has no water, and the three ditch outside the wheat fields should be unblocked.
(3) Heavy application of jointing fertilizer, strong stalk and big ear. For the first and second types of wheat seedlings suitable for the number of stems and stalks in the group, the leaf color is normal and faded. When the first section of the base of the plant is close to the fixed length, the joint fertilizer is applied. Generally, 7-10 kg of urea and ternary compound fertilizer are applied. . For wheat fields where the population is too large and the leaf color is not normally faded, the jointing fertilizer is appropriately delayed to prevent lodging. For the three types of seedlings with too small a population and insufficient number of panicles, and severe wheat fields with de-fertilization and yellowing, the jointing fertilizer can be applied early.
(4) Defending frost damage and early remediation. In the 2-3 days after the occurrence of wheat freeze damage, the degree of freezing of the young panicles should be investigated. In the wheat field where the mortality of the stems is more than 10%, the harvested fertilizer should be applied in time. In general, the mortality rate of stems and stalks is 10%-30%, and the urea can be applied 4-5 kg/mu. The mortality rate of wheat stalks exceeding 30% is increased by 10%. Kg/mu, but the upper limit should not exceed 15 kg/mu.
(5) Disease prevention and control, chemical weeding. Focus on strengthening the detection and control of diseases and insect pests such as scab, powdery mildew, sheath blight and rust, paying special attention to the prevention and control of scab in the heading stage and early flowering stage. All localities should carry out chemical weeding and control weed damage according to the type of weeds. For the wheat field where the population is too large and has a risk of lodging, it is necessary to suppress the control or control it in a timely manner.
3. Spring field management techniques in the winter wheat area of ​​Northwest China
In the northwest wheat area, the seedlings were good in winter, and the proportion of strong seedlings was large, but in some areas, the rainfall was less, the drought was rising, the wheat stripe rust was early, and the spring prevention and control pressure was high. Spring wheat field management should focus on comprehensive prevention and control of conservation, mites and pests and diseases, ensuring stable and high yield.
(1) Top 耙耱, 墒 墒 墒. "Spring buckwheat combs, wheat seedlings green oil." All kinds of wheat fields should be topped and stored, keep water, remove dead leaves, kill weeds, and build high-yield seedlings.
(2) Top Ling topdressing, weakening and strengthening. For wheat fields with insufficient base fertilizer and weak seedlings and yellow seedlings, combined with topping or simmering after heavy rain, apply 4-5 kg ​​of urea to promote transformation and upgrading. For dryland wheat fields with large pre-winter groups and high soil fertility, it is not advisable to topdress during the regreening period.
(3) Rolling and lifting to prevent lodging. Early spring wheat is pressed and pressed before and after re-greening to promote alfalfa, promote wheat root development, and inhibit the main stem of wheat. Generally, it is firstly pressed and then slashed. The time of rolling should be around noon on a sunny day, and should not be carried out on a cold and wet morning to avoid folding the pseudo stem and damage the leaves.
(4) Draw the loose soil, weeding and warming. Pay attention to the ground and the seedlings. For late sowing wheat fields and weak seedling fields, it is advisable to increase the soil temperature, promote the growth of weak seedlings, and prevent roots and smashed seedlings.
(5) Prevention and control of pests and diseases, chemical weeding. It is necessary to do a good job in forecasting and controlling pests and diseases such as wheat stripe rust, sheath blight, and wheat stubble; pay attention to the chemical weeding in the greening period to promote the prevention and treatment experience of “accurate monitoring, drug detection, discovery, control, and early detectionâ€. Early prevention.
(6) Protecting the membrane from seedlings and guarding against indigo. It is found that the mulch film with poor coverage should be compacted in time. Strictly prevent the flooding of livestock and poultry in spring, affecting the photosynthetic area and dry matter accumulation of wheat, resulting in reduced production.
4. Spring field management techniques in the winter wheat area of ​​Southwest China
The number of stems and stalks of rice husk in the southwestern wheat area is not much different from that of last year. The dry wheat population is generally smaller than last year, and some hilly areas have drought signs. In the spring field management, the promotion is the main, the measures are moved forward, the water and fertilizer management is strengthened, and the spray prevention and multi-prevention are increased.
(1) Strengthening the management of seedlings and timely appreciating the jointing fertilizer. Southwest wheat has entered the jointing stage, and it should be promoted to carry out topdressing and irrigation work. When the plain wheat area is watered and only one layer of shallow water is left after water infiltration (or what the farmer calls “flower and waterâ€), 5-8 kg of urea is applied per mu. In hilly areas without irrigation conditions, it is possible to apply 5 kg of urea or a quick-acting fertilizer such as ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium phosphate with similar amounts of pure nitrogen.
(2) Early detection and early treatment to prevent pests and diseases. In spring, the temperature rises rapidly, precipitation increases, and pests and diseases are likely to explode. From February to mid-March, it is a key period for the prevention and treatment of strip rust central disease groups. It is necessary to spray and control the spotted plots of the central disease group (sick strain) to prevent a disease pandemic.
(3) Spraying multiple defenses at the right time to prevent and control late scab, stripe rust and aphids. Scab is mainly "defense", and it is most effective in "heading-flowering". It is necessary to formulate a multi-spray prevention measure focusing on the prevention and control of scab, and to mix the agents for preventing diseases such as scab, stripe rust and aphids, and to apply them at one time, saving labor and saving costs, simplifying and high efficiency.
(4) Draining the ditch and preventing waterlogging. The jointing to heading stage is a sensitive period of wheat wetness. In the hilly rice cultivars, the ditch damage is relatively heavy. Before the spring rain, the side ditch, the ditch and the drainage ditch should be opened, the ditch drainage work should be strengthened, the groundwater level should be lowered, the waterlogging should be eliminated, and the normal growth of wheat in the middle and late stages should be ensured. Grain filling.
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