Farmers and agrochemical service personnel often report that “fertilization technology is too difficult, and it is still impossible to master the many training courses.†To this end, the author based on scientific fertilization theory, production technology achievements and his long-term agrochemical service work experience, put forward the "technical model plus local conditions" is the concept of two methods of scientific fertilization, as long as the actual production, master the two magic weapons Even if it is not a professional, it will be changed by laymen, and the insider will understand more.
Master fertilization technology model
The fertilization technology model is a technical specification or technical requirement that the same type or the same crop is relatively consistent in terms of fertilization amount, fertilization period, and fertilization method. Although it is not an industry regulation or an administrative instruction, it is based on the theory of plant nutrition, and it is based on a large number of field trial results and production practice experience, reflecting the quantitative law of fertilizer effect, and thus Scientific and feasible.
Master the laws of fertilization techniques. For the majority of farmers and agrochemical service personnel, the fertilization model can help them master the general rules of fertilization technology.
In a different way, flexible application. Beginners can use this as a basis, through further study and production practice, in the face of a variety of complex situations, to achieve "one by one," flexible application.
It is the basis for specific fertilization recommendations. In the face of complex fertilization conditions, based on the fertilization model, combined with local specific soil and crop characteristics, more precise and more targeted fertilization recommendations are proposed.
Can be used as a basis for estimating fertilization. Although the mode fertilization amount is not precise enough, it can still be used to estimate the amount of fertilizer applied when formulating crop production and fertilizer marketing plans.
It is the framework of reasonable fertilization. With the fertilization mode, when the soil testing and fertilization encounter abnormal test results, it will achieve “the number in mind†and control the recommended fertilizer amount within the reasonable range framed by the fertilization mode.
Local application mode
The characteristics of the fertilizer effect are: neither can blindly fertilize as desired, nor can it be forced to die according to mathematical formulas. The correct approach is: on the basis of a certain fertilization technology model, with the help of expert knowledge and soil - plant testing, according to local conditions, further adjustments and corrections to the fertilization recommendations given by the technical model, as far as possible to improve the pertinence of fertilization recommendations And accuracy:
To produce fat. In general, the higher the yield, the greater the amount of fertilizer applied. For example, the current yield per mu of rice, wheat and corn can reach more than 500 kg, and the nitrogen application rate per mu ( N ) is generally 12 to 16 kg, while the yield of cereal crops such as millet, buckwheat and mung bean in dry land is low. The amount should be reduced accordingly, generally only 8~12 kg. Because soybeans can fix nitrogen, nitrogen is generally lower than other food crops.
Fertilize the soil. The higher the soil fertility, the less the amount of fertilization, but the too poor soil may not be too large due to other limiting factors. For example, in the arid regions of the northwest and the saline-alkaline soil areas, although the soil nutrient content is low, the fertilizer input should not be blindly increased until the water resources are scarce and the soil salinization problem is solved.
Fertilization methods vary. Regarding the fertilization period, the higher the soil fertility or the longer the growth period of the crop, the smaller the proportion of the base fertilizer to the total amount of fertilization. For example, the proportion of base fertilizer and topdressing nitrogen in field crops is about half, but the proportion of base fertilizer is small in sandy soil with high soil fertility or water leakage. In dry or cold areas, due to the inability or difficulty of topdressing, base fertilizer The proportion is large. Regarding the position of fertilization, the suitable position of the grain crops is generally below the side of the seed, and the linear distance from the seed is about 7~8 cm. The position of the top dressing, the higher the plant, the farther the fertilizer is from the plant; the deeper the root, the fertilization The depth is also deeper.
Taking fertilization of field crops as an example
Field crops refer to crops with relatively large plots of crops and relatively simple management measures. It mainly includes rice, wheat, corn, soybean and other food crops, including oil crops such as peanuts and rapeseed; fiber crops such as cotton and hemp; and sugar crops such as sugar beet and sugar cane.
Need fertilizer characteristics. From seed to harvest, it can be divided into three growth periods. It is the seedling stage-fast growth period-succession period, in which the vegetative growth and reproductive growth in the rapid growth period are the key period of topdressing; the stalk nutrient reserves are small, and the general field stalks mainly support the plants, transport nutrients and water. Unlike fruit branches, which can store a large amount of nutrients, the nutrient gains and losses are realized, and the effect of fertilization is “immediately seenâ€; the growth period of field crops is shorter. Most of them are harvested in the same year, so all or most of the phosphorus and potassium fertilizers can be used as the base fertilizer; the root distribution and water and fertilizer management are mainly in the 0-20 cm soil layer.
Fertilization technology model. Total fertilization per mu: nitrogen fertilizer ( N ) 8~15 kg, generally no more than 17 kg. For legumes, the amount of nitrogen applied is reduced by 1/3~1/2 . Phosphate fertilizer ( P2O5 ) does not exceed half of the nitrogen application rate, 3~5 kg in the southern region and 4-6 kg in the north , generally no more than 8 kg. Among them, winter wheat, rapeseed and other winter crops are more, summer maize and other summer crops are less, and even can be applied in a short period of time; potassium fertilizer ( K2O ) application rate is mostly between nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer application, 5-10 kg in the south , Huanghuaihai The area is 3~6 kg, 2~4 kg in the northeast and 0~3 kg in the northwest . It is recommended to apply 1000~3000 kg of decomposed farmyard manure per mu ; fertilization period: all or all of the farmyard manure, or most of the phosphorus and potassium fertilizers and about half of the nitrogen fertilizer as the base fertilizer, and the remaining fertilizers for topdressing or seed fertilizer. Topdressing 1~3 times, mainly in the fast growing period, suitable in the seedling stage and late stage (such as after heading). The rapid growth period mainly refers to wheat uplifting stage, rice tillering stage and booting stage, corn jointing and booting stage, cotton bud and boll stage, soybean flower pod stage, early stage of potato crop roots and stem expansion; fertilization method: in addition to the combination of soil preparation, After the application of water in the wheat field and the application of topdressing in the paddy field, it is necessary to cover the soil after the application of the ditch or the hole. Under the conditions of deep root crops or mechanized one-time fertilization, layered fertilization should be promoted.
Please keep in mind the above basic principles and simple data. In the future, the author will follow this concept and continue to learn and master the fertilization techniques of China's major crops.
　
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