Application of Solar Technology in Shopping Mall Buildings

With the rapid development of the national economy and the improvement of people’s living standards, the area of ​​commercial buildings in China is increasing day by day, and the energy consumption of commercial buildings has become increasingly prominent. According to the statistics of the energy consumption of commercial buildings, commercial buildings with air-conditioning systems are established each year. The cost of energy consumption is close to 150 yuan per square meter, and shopping malls across the country consume a lot of energy each year. Under the background that the entire society is concerned about ecology and energy conservation, the issue of energy conservation in commercial buildings is attracting attention from all walks of life. The main technical approaches for energy saving in commercial buildings include two aspects: First, throttling, that is, improving the efficiency of heating and air-conditioning systems and reducing heat energy lost in the building itself; second, open source, that is, the development and utilization of new energy sources.

Since the 1970s, with the gradual deepening of the concept of "sustainable development", solar energy has gradually attracted the attention of countries in the world. Solar energy is the energy generated by the continuous nuclear fusion reaction process inside the sun. Compared with the mineral energy, solar energy has obvious advantages. It is inexhaustible, has a wide range of application, and does not produce environmental pollution. It is a green energy that can be used sustainably. This article discusses the use of solar energy in shopping malls from the perspective of site planning and architectural design.

1. Integrate the concept of solar energy into the site planning stage in combination with the geographical environment and climate characteristics. Any architectural design must be based on the analysis and understanding of the surrounding climate and geographical environment characteristics. Our country has a vast territory, and its geographical environment and climate characteristics are different. The distribution of solar energy resources is obviously different. According to the meteorological department's measurement of annual solar energy radiation, the mainland is generally divided into four solar energy radiation belts. Solar energy building design must make different strategies according to the local different climatic conditions and geographical environment. At the same time, the application of solar energy technology should also combine the geographical elevation, surrounding vegetation growth, environmental conditions and other natural geographical features, reasonably determine the layout and form of the building to create conditions for the full use of solar energy. In order to make the layout of the shopping mall building in the plane, the long side should be the north-south direction as far as possible. The heat collection surface is within ±30 degrees of the normal south direction, and appropriate adjustments are made according to the local weather conditions to make it more sunny and convenient for solar energy utilization. The plane of the building uses a combination of circular, fan-shaped, and square combinations to plan the layout as much as possible to reduce the body shape coefficient of the building and reduce energy dissipation.

Second, the integrated design of solar energy technology in shopping mall design 1. The characteristics of shopping mall building. Shopping malls (marts) are the trading venues for all kinds of commodities that are required for social production and living, and are mainly indoor department stores (stores), commercial buildings, trade centers, shopping centers, shopping malls, and large-scale trade and wholesale markets. Compared with other buildings, shopping malls have their own characteristics: the functional nature of shopping malls determines that their locations are often located in the heart of the city's bustling and lively streets. The buildings are crowded and the land is tight. There are tense land conditions and no strict sunshine requirements within the building. In the following, commercial buildings tend to have features such as large volume, spatial concentration, relatively simple outer surfaces, and deep internal depth. At the same time, in order to satisfy the consumer's psychology and attract thousands of customers, business decision-makers pay great attention to the image. Because of their stylish and transparent appearance, the exterior often uses large-area windows and glass curtain walls. Through the empty shared atrium. Make shoppers have a rich and interesting space experience. Full understanding of the space and physical characteristics of the mall is the prerequisite for establishing the solar energy utilization program in the next step.

2. Determine suitable technical solutions according to local conditions. The determination of solar energy utilization technology program is a crucial link in the design of solar energy utilization in shopping malls. Reasonable and appropriate technical solutions have important practical significance for reducing costs and facilitating the promotion. Solar energy technology has been developed and applied in many fields such as heating, hot water, ventilation, cooling, power generation, and light guiding in the construction field. Solar energy is divided into two types: active and passive. The use of mechanical devices to collect and store solar energy and provide thermal energy to the room when required is called active solar energy utilization; according to local meteorological conditions, the construction layout, construction and materials are basically adopted without adding mechanical equipment. Such treatment, so that the building itself can absorb, store solar energy, so as to achieve the purpose of heating, air conditioning, hot water supply, known as passive solar energy use.

Passive solar energy utilization is driven by no external mechanical force, so it has low cost of use and strong operability and has great potential for development. As the natural conditions of various shopping malls, shopping malls, geographical location, operating characteristics, economic conditions, etc. are different, so the determination of shopping malls to use solar energy technology solutions should fully consider the specific local conditions, mobilize a variety of technical means, select different levels of new technologies , integrate, match and optimize. At present, most areas in China adhere to the principle of passive priority.

III. Integrated Design of Solar Energy Technology and Shopping Mall Buildings The combination of solar energy and construction is not simply adding solar energy systems after the building is completed. Instead, solar energy systems are used as an integral part of shopping mall buildings to integrate solar energy with architecture. In the design of the building, a unified planning, simultaneous design, construction, and put into use. In the planning and layout of the building, spatial forms, material construction, architectural aesthetics and other aspects of solar energy and building coordination.

1. Integration of solar energy shopping malls (1) The use of passive solar energy in shopping malls. The passive use of solar energy is through the rational arrangement of the building orientation and the surrounding environment, the ingenious handling of the interior space and external forms of the building, and the proper selection of building materials, structures and structures, enabling the house to collect, maintain, store, and distribute solar thermal energy in winter. In order to solve the problem of heating in buildings, solar radiation can also be shielded in the summer and dissipate indoor heat, thus cooling buildings. The design principle is that there is a large area of ​​glass light-transmitting and collecting surface on the south facade, and the building envelope structure has excellent insulation properties. Shopping malls can make full use of the characteristics of large-area display windows and glass screens on the facades of shopping malls. Sun rooms or solar walls can be set on the facades of malls and buildings. The basic principle is that the outer layer of air is formed by glass or sheet outside the main structure wall. Under the sun, the air in the air layer is heated, and the hot air rises to form an air flow through the hole in the upper part of the wall into the room, so that the indoor temperature rises to achieve the purpose of indoor heating. At the same time, the outdoor air is replenished from the lower air channel to allow outdoor air to enter the room for ventilation. In summer, the air channel opening to the outside of the upper air layer is opened. The heated air rises to form the air flow and is removed by the upper part. The air flow removes the accumulated heat on the wall, and due to the wind pressure, the hot air in the shopping mall is discharged from the wall hole. So that the temperature inside the mall is reduced. When the winter is cold, as far as the structure allows, the area of ​​the south facing lighting glass is enlarged as much as possible so as to collect more daylight, and at the same time, the opening of the north facing window is reduced as much as possible to satisfy the conditions of lighting and ventilation, so that the heat insulation is increased and the heat is avoided. Lost. When the heat is hot in summer, active cooling can be used to reduce the temperature in shopping malls to avoid large indoor and outdoor air circulation. The air ducts in the air floor leading to the mall can be completely closed. At the same time, solar heat is prevented from entering the room by means of shading. The vertical atrium in the mall can be combined with solar energy utilization and passive ventilation to form a draft shaft. In order to facilitate the pulling out of the wind, the physical space ratio of the shaft space should exceed 1:3. Ventilation windows or ventilation towers should be provided at the top. The area of ​​the shopping mall is large and the flow of people is high. If necessary, local mechanical ventilation can be used.

2) Photovoltaic technology utilization. Photovoltaic technology is a technology that converts light energy into electrical energy through solar irradiation of photovoltaic panels (solar panels). At present, the photovoltaic applications in shopping malls are mainly concentrated on photovoltaic roofs and photovoltaic walls. The photovoltaic wall is a combination of batteries and building materials to form a building facade that can generate electricity. It has a decorative effect and can provide Electric energy, photovoltaic cells can also be combined with a variety of glass to form a special glass curtain wall. The building has both the material texture of the glass curtain wall and the power generation function. Photovoltaic roofing is the use of photovoltaic cells as the structural roof, insulation layer and waterproof layer of photovoltaic roofing and shopping mall building to form the roof of the building. Realize the integration of building components and solar components. Due to its location in the downtown area, the shopping mall is crowded with surrounding buildings and has a small distance from other buildings. With the limited sunshine on the walls, it is more practical to develop photovoltaic roofs.

(3) Solar hot water technology utilization. The utilization of hot water technology for solar energy has been a history of several decades, and it is quite mature in technology. It is the most widely used type of solar energy technology. Hot water technology is mainly used in shopping malls in the logistic service section. The solar water heating technology has certain requirements for the installation angle of the collector, and the integrated combination of the collector and the building and the influence of the collector on the appearance of the building need to be considered.

2. The aesthetic combination of shopping malls and solar energy devices The solar energy equipment components are used as part of the building to form the overall shape of the building together with other building components. Therefore, solar energy components and building components should be planned, designed and constructed simultaneously. In the initial design, the influence of the solar energy system on the appearance of the building was fully taken into consideration, and the functional and aesthetic coordination of the solar energy and the building was achieved as far as possible. The solar energy system has strict technical requirements, such as the area of ​​the collector, the angle of orientation, the location of the storage tank, the layout of the pipeline, and the heat preservation, etc. This makes the building subject to great restrictions in the design of the shape, which increases the design difficulty. As can be seen from some pilot projects, almost all of them are in the form of direct collectors at the top of the building, single and rigid and lacking in change. This one-sided emphasis on technology ignores the complexity of architecture as a carrier of culture and aesthetics. The practice of adding solar energy systems after the completion of architectural design has played a role in saving energy, but it has undermined the integration of solar energy with architecture. Space aesthetics form to the building.

3. Integration of Solar Energy and Building Structures As a subsystem of a building, the solar energy system is constructed simultaneously with the building. A well-designed solar system should be an organic part of the building. The two are organically combined and even combined. For example, in some designs, the roof panels are both the sloping roof of the building and the solar collector board. To achieve the coordination between solar components and building components, we must have a corresponding understanding of solar technology and its products. The components of a typical solar energy system include components such as collectors, reservoirs, piping systems, and distribution controllers. As the carrier of these system components, structures and structures should be designed accordingly.

Under the background of energy conservation and environmental protection, the promotion of the combination of solar energy and commercial buildings is of great significance to the discussion of the development prospects of mall buildings. After decades of development and application of solar energy technology, it is a relatively mature technology. However, at present, China lacks experience and examples worthy of promotion in the combination of solar energy and shopping mall buildings. When designing the solar energy utilization of shopping malls, we must fully consider the factors such as the scale, environment, function, and economy of the mall, determine a reasonable solar energy application program, and select suitable solar energy equipment or cooperative manufacturers to reduce the use of solar energy for building functions. Investment and operating costs make the entire program operational in the sense of commercialization. At the same time, the integrated design of solar energy and commercial buildings is a multi-scientific, multi-faceted participation and cooperation of comprehensive businesses. Solar energy equipment manufacturers, architectural design institutes, local governments, developers, business management, and other departments must work together to achieve The real significance of solar malls.