I. The urgency of developing bio-pesticide industry
Agricultural production causes huge losses every year due to pests and diseases. In order to ensure stable production and high yield, people have been mainly using chemical pesticides to control crop diseases and insect pests. According to statistics, the ratio of chemical control area to total control area in China from 1985 to 2000 is as high as 95%. Due to the long-term, large-scale and repeated use of chemical pesticides, it brings pollution to soil, water and atmosphere. The increase of pesticide residues in agricultural and sideline products directly harms human health and survival. At the same time, chemical pesticides kill pests at the same time. It also killed natural enemies and other beneficial organisms, destroying the ecological balance and causing pests to become more paralyzed. In this way, the amount and frequency of pesticide application have to be increased, resulting in a vicious cycle of chemical pesticide application.
In recent years, with the improvement of human economic and cultural level, people have put forward higher requirements for food safety and environmental safety, and biological pesticides have also developed rapidly. Biological pesticides directly use biologically produced active substances or biological living organisms as pesticides, as well as synthetically synthesized pesticides with the same structure as natural compounds. They include microbial pesticides, plant-derived pesticides, genetically modified organism pesticides, and natural enemy biological pesticides. Bio-pesticide has the following advantages: 1 It has good control effect on pests and diseases, but is non-toxic to human and animal safety, does not pollute the environment, and has no residue; 2 is highly specific to pests and diseases, does not kill natural enemies and beneficial organisms of insects, can protect ecological balance; 3 production The raw materials and active ingredients are natural products, and its return can naturally ensure sustainable development. 4 Modern biotechnology can be used to transform the bacteria and its fermentation process, continuously improve performance and improve quality; 5 factors and ingredients play a role, Pests and germs are difficult to develop resistance. In the process of rapid development of bio-pesticide, some new international biotechnology companies, such as Mycogen and Ecogen, have emerged. Some global large-scale chemical pesticides and biotechnology companies, such as DuPont and Monsanto in the United States, and Germany. Bayer, Switzerland's Ciba Jiaji, Denmark's Novo, Japan's Sumitomo, etc. have also invested heavily in the development of biological pesticides.
China has also included the development of bio-pesticide and green food in China's Agenda 21. In China, there are 3,000-4,000 large pesticide accidents every year, and the compensation for pesticide pollution exceeds 100 million yuan. With the implementation of the Environmental Protection Law, the negative impact of pesticides on society and the environment will grow. In addition, China's current control of pesticide imports is mainly based on import quotas. After joining the World Trade Organization (WTO), all non-tariff protection measures will be cancelled, which will certainly provide a long-term drive for foreign pesticides. Therefore, it is urgent to create and develop new varieties of biological pesticides with independent intellectual property rights, high efficiency, safety and practical value, and accelerate the development of China's bio-pesticide industry.
Second, the development of China's biopesticide industry
At present, there are mainly four kinds of biological pesticides that can be produced on a large scale in China, namely Bacillus thuringiensis, Jinggangmycin, avermectin and gibberellin.
Bacillus thuringiensis is currently the most widely used and most abundant microbial insecticide in the world. Since the first commercial preparation "Pseudomonas" in 1965, its annual output has been stable for 1,000 to 2,000 tons. After the 1990s, it has developed rapidly. More than 20 companies have registered more than 30 products, with an annual output of 30,000 tons.
Jinggangmycin is a pesticide used to control rice sheath blight. Since its introduction in the 1970s, it has been enduring for more than 20 years. At present, there are more than 30 factories in China, with an annual output of nearly 4,000 tons (100% of the original drug), which accounts for more than 90% of the rice sheath blight control market, and can be used for about 50 million hectares of land. Expanded to crops such as wheat and corn. Due to the successful cultivation of high-yield strains and the high-temperature short-cycle fermentation process, the production cost is greatly reduced. Jinggangmycin has become the safest, most effective and inexpensive variety of pesticides in China.
Avermectin is an ultra-efficient insecticidal biopesticide with a dosage of only 3000-7500 mg per hectare. It is mainly used to control pests such as mites, leaf miner, pear hibiscus, leafminer, diamondback moth and cabbage caterpillar. At present, China has registered 62 products and more than 100 production companies.
Gibberellin is the most widely used and most effective microbial source growth hormone, which has the effect of promoting seed germination, plant growth and early flowering. It has significant effects on rice, vegetables, peanuts, broad beans, grapes, citrus, cotton, etc. Increase production. At present, China has registered 7 products and more than 10 production enterprises.
In addition, the main biological pesticide varieties that are being researched or developed in China or in the early stage of industrialization are Liuyangmycin, Nanchangmycin, sputum, neutrophin, bacteriocin, nymidine and chlorpyrifos; Fungal insecticides, such as Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium, Paecilomyces; bacterial insecticides such as Bacillus sphaericus, Bacillus sphaericus, Bacillus lentus; viral insecticides such as nuclear polyhedrosis virus, granules Body viruses; plant-derived insecticides such as azadirachtin are under development.
III. Problems and Countermeasures in the Development of Biopesticide Industry in China
(1) Main issues
1. Insufficient investment in research funding, difficult development of new products
Article 21 of the 1992 World Conference on Environment and Development called for “control of the sale and use of chemical pesticides on a global scale. By 2000, biopesticide production accounted for 60%.†However, 8 years have passed, China’s bio-pesticides The market share is only 3% - 4%. The reason is mainly because the variety of bio-pesticides available to farmers is very limited, and only three or four varieties are commonly used, which is far from satisfying the needs. The deeper reason is the serious shortage of research funding, mainly in two aspects: First, the absolute funding is small. It takes 50-80 million US dollars to develop a new pesticide research expenditure abroad. The annual average funding for microbial pesticides in China is less than 50,000 yuan. It takes about 10 years from project approval to obtaining three certificates. In the past 10 years, the wages are included in the calculation. The investment for each project is only 600,000-700,000 yuan. Second, the limited funds cannot be used for scientific research. Take the microbial pesticide research group of the Institute of Microbiology of Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences as an example. There are 6 scientific research personnel in this group. After the business fee is reduced by 30%, plus various subsidies, each person needs to spend about 10,000 yuan each year. Therefore, to undertake a scientific research project, the funds are not enough to pay for the head. This has forced researchers to fight for more projects, and more projects, scientific research capabilities can not keep up, will inevitably lead to difficult research results, industrialization is very difficult.
2. The production of enterprises is blindly launched, and the market is disorderly.
The blind launch of enterprise production has caused a lot of waste of resources. For example, there are only a few Bt manufacturers in 1990, and more than 100 in 1995. Up to now, there are no more than 20 companies that can still insist on production. Another example is avermectin. In 1994, there were only 3-5 manufacturers, and now it has grown to more than 100. It is estimated that it will take less than 5 years, and only a few manufacturers will produce avermectin.
3. The application propaganda is weak and the concept change is difficult.
Although biological pesticides have obvious advantages over chemical pesticides, at present, news media such as radio, newspapers, and television introduce less popular science articles and programs on biological pesticides, and many people do not know that there are biological pesticides. In particular, many farmers are deeply influenced by traditional farming concepts and are accustomed to using chemical pesticides, often abused and overused. For example, in the past, in order to prevent pests and diseases, the farmers made the appearance of vegetables beautiful and scar-free. They used common pesticides to spray their appearance. Even some farmers used the cheap and high-toxic chemical pesticides to pour the soil, which can ensure that the vegetables are free from pests. Chemical pesticides enter the inside of the vegetables directly through the roots and are difficult to be washed away, thus causing greater harm to the human body.
(2) Countermeasures
1. Scientific research: increase investment and highlight key points
According to the actual situation in China, most of the research and development funds for foreign biological pesticides come from the government's appropriation. The relevant departments should increase investment in biological pesticide research units, establish a national key open laboratory for bio-pesticides, and research on biological pesticides. The establishment and funding of the project will be tilted to facilitate the emergence of more biological pesticide varieties. It is necessary to put a limited amount of expenses on the cutting edge, and ensure that several key projects with promising prospects have ample investment, and strive to form several truly breakthrough breakthrough results within a few years.
2. Industry: raising awareness and scale development
The 21st century is an era of biotechnology. China has a good foundation in this respect. If it can catch up, it can use the biotechnology industry to drive the development of China's economy in the 21st century, and biopesticide is the closest industrialization in the field of biotechnology. An important part of. Therefore, relevant departments should take the promotion of bio-pesticide industry development as a new economic growth point, as a matter of concern for safeguarding people's personal health, protecting the environment and ecology from destruction, and promoting sustainable agricultural development.
In addition, China has a number of large-scale bio-pesticide production enterprises, such as Haizheng Group, Qianjiang Biochemical, and Deqing Baike. These enterprises should be given active support to further scale and grade. At the same time, we will actively encourage more enterprises and foreign capital to come to the research and production of biological pesticides, and form a large-scale group enterprise integrating production, supply, sales, research and gold, so that the production of various biological pesticides will form economies of scale. Enhance its market competitiveness.
3. Application: policy guidance, standard development
First, relevant policies should be formulated to establish strict standards for the use of chemical pesticides. It is strictly forbidden to abuse or misuse chemical pesticides. Offenders are subject to fines until legal sanctions. Secondly, publicity should be strengthened to make people have a clearer understanding of food safety and environmental safety. Make the use of biological pesticides as peasant's conscious behavior as much as possible; third, extensive establishment of green food production bases, vigorous development of organic agriculture, pollution-free vegetables, and vegetables, so that the application of biological pesticides has been steadily expanded.
Agricultural production causes huge losses every year due to pests and diseases. In order to ensure stable production and high yield, people have been mainly using chemical pesticides to control crop diseases and insect pests. According to statistics, the ratio of chemical control area to total control area in China from 1985 to 2000 is as high as 95%. Due to the long-term, large-scale and repeated use of chemical pesticides, it brings pollution to soil, water and atmosphere. The increase of pesticide residues in agricultural and sideline products directly harms human health and survival. At the same time, chemical pesticides kill pests at the same time. It also killed natural enemies and other beneficial organisms, destroying the ecological balance and causing pests to become more paralyzed. In this way, the amount and frequency of pesticide application have to be increased, resulting in a vicious cycle of chemical pesticide application.
In recent years, with the improvement of human economic and cultural level, people have put forward higher requirements for food safety and environmental safety, and biological pesticides have also developed rapidly. Biological pesticides directly use biologically produced active substances or biological living organisms as pesticides, as well as synthetically synthesized pesticides with the same structure as natural compounds. They include microbial pesticides, plant-derived pesticides, genetically modified organism pesticides, and natural enemy biological pesticides. Bio-pesticide has the following advantages: 1 It has good control effect on pests and diseases, but is non-toxic to human and animal safety, does not pollute the environment, and has no residue; 2 is highly specific to pests and diseases, does not kill natural enemies and beneficial organisms of insects, can protect ecological balance; 3 production The raw materials and active ingredients are natural products, and its return can naturally ensure sustainable development. 4 Modern biotechnology can be used to transform the bacteria and its fermentation process, continuously improve performance and improve quality; 5 factors and ingredients play a role, Pests and germs are difficult to develop resistance. In the process of rapid development of bio-pesticide, some new international biotechnology companies, such as Mycogen and Ecogen, have emerged. Some global large-scale chemical pesticides and biotechnology companies, such as DuPont and Monsanto in the United States, and Germany. Bayer, Switzerland's Ciba Jiaji, Denmark's Novo, Japan's Sumitomo, etc. have also invested heavily in the development of biological pesticides.
China has also included the development of bio-pesticide and green food in China's Agenda 21. In China, there are 3,000-4,000 large pesticide accidents every year, and the compensation for pesticide pollution exceeds 100 million yuan. With the implementation of the Environmental Protection Law, the negative impact of pesticides on society and the environment will grow. In addition, China's current control of pesticide imports is mainly based on import quotas. After joining the World Trade Organization (WTO), all non-tariff protection measures will be cancelled, which will certainly provide a long-term drive for foreign pesticides. Therefore, it is urgent to create and develop new varieties of biological pesticides with independent intellectual property rights, high efficiency, safety and practical value, and accelerate the development of China's bio-pesticide industry.
Second, the development of China's biopesticide industry
At present, there are mainly four kinds of biological pesticides that can be produced on a large scale in China, namely Bacillus thuringiensis, Jinggangmycin, avermectin and gibberellin.
Bacillus thuringiensis is currently the most widely used and most abundant microbial insecticide in the world. Since the first commercial preparation "Pseudomonas" in 1965, its annual output has been stable for 1,000 to 2,000 tons. After the 1990s, it has developed rapidly. More than 20 companies have registered more than 30 products, with an annual output of 30,000 tons.
Jinggangmycin is a pesticide used to control rice sheath blight. Since its introduction in the 1970s, it has been enduring for more than 20 years. At present, there are more than 30 factories in China, with an annual output of nearly 4,000 tons (100% of the original drug), which accounts for more than 90% of the rice sheath blight control market, and can be used for about 50 million hectares of land. Expanded to crops such as wheat and corn. Due to the successful cultivation of high-yield strains and the high-temperature short-cycle fermentation process, the production cost is greatly reduced. Jinggangmycin has become the safest, most effective and inexpensive variety of pesticides in China.
Avermectin is an ultra-efficient insecticidal biopesticide with a dosage of only 3000-7500 mg per hectare. It is mainly used to control pests such as mites, leaf miner, pear hibiscus, leafminer, diamondback moth and cabbage caterpillar. At present, China has registered 62 products and more than 100 production companies.
Gibberellin is the most widely used and most effective microbial source growth hormone, which has the effect of promoting seed germination, plant growth and early flowering. It has significant effects on rice, vegetables, peanuts, broad beans, grapes, citrus, cotton, etc. Increase production. At present, China has registered 7 products and more than 10 production enterprises.
In addition, the main biological pesticide varieties that are being researched or developed in China or in the early stage of industrialization are Liuyangmycin, Nanchangmycin, sputum, neutrophin, bacteriocin, nymidine and chlorpyrifos; Fungal insecticides, such as Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium, Paecilomyces; bacterial insecticides such as Bacillus sphaericus, Bacillus sphaericus, Bacillus lentus; viral insecticides such as nuclear polyhedrosis virus, granules Body viruses; plant-derived insecticides such as azadirachtin are under development.
III. Problems and Countermeasures in the Development of Biopesticide Industry in China
(1) Main issues
1. Insufficient investment in research funding, difficult development of new products
Article 21 of the 1992 World Conference on Environment and Development called for “control of the sale and use of chemical pesticides on a global scale. By 2000, biopesticide production accounted for 60%.†However, 8 years have passed, China’s bio-pesticides The market share is only 3% - 4%. The reason is mainly because the variety of bio-pesticides available to farmers is very limited, and only three or four varieties are commonly used, which is far from satisfying the needs. The deeper reason is the serious shortage of research funding, mainly in two aspects: First, the absolute funding is small. It takes 50-80 million US dollars to develop a new pesticide research expenditure abroad. The annual average funding for microbial pesticides in China is less than 50,000 yuan. It takes about 10 years from project approval to obtaining three certificates. In the past 10 years, the wages are included in the calculation. The investment for each project is only 600,000-700,000 yuan. Second, the limited funds cannot be used for scientific research. Take the microbial pesticide research group of the Institute of Microbiology of Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences as an example. There are 6 scientific research personnel in this group. After the business fee is reduced by 30%, plus various subsidies, each person needs to spend about 10,000 yuan each year. Therefore, to undertake a scientific research project, the funds are not enough to pay for the head. This has forced researchers to fight for more projects, and more projects, scientific research capabilities can not keep up, will inevitably lead to difficult research results, industrialization is very difficult.
2. The production of enterprises is blindly launched, and the market is disorderly.
The blind launch of enterprise production has caused a lot of waste of resources. For example, there are only a few Bt manufacturers in 1990, and more than 100 in 1995. Up to now, there are no more than 20 companies that can still insist on production. Another example is avermectin. In 1994, there were only 3-5 manufacturers, and now it has grown to more than 100. It is estimated that it will take less than 5 years, and only a few manufacturers will produce avermectin.
3. The application propaganda is weak and the concept change is difficult.
Although biological pesticides have obvious advantages over chemical pesticides, at present, news media such as radio, newspapers, and television introduce less popular science articles and programs on biological pesticides, and many people do not know that there are biological pesticides. In particular, many farmers are deeply influenced by traditional farming concepts and are accustomed to using chemical pesticides, often abused and overused. For example, in the past, in order to prevent pests and diseases, the farmers made the appearance of vegetables beautiful and scar-free. They used common pesticides to spray their appearance. Even some farmers used the cheap and high-toxic chemical pesticides to pour the soil, which can ensure that the vegetables are free from pests. Chemical pesticides enter the inside of the vegetables directly through the roots and are difficult to be washed away, thus causing greater harm to the human body.
(2) Countermeasures
1. Scientific research: increase investment and highlight key points
According to the actual situation in China, most of the research and development funds for foreign biological pesticides come from the government's appropriation. The relevant departments should increase investment in biological pesticide research units, establish a national key open laboratory for bio-pesticides, and research on biological pesticides. The establishment and funding of the project will be tilted to facilitate the emergence of more biological pesticide varieties. It is necessary to put a limited amount of expenses on the cutting edge, and ensure that several key projects with promising prospects have ample investment, and strive to form several truly breakthrough breakthrough results within a few years.
2. Industry: raising awareness and scale development
The 21st century is an era of biotechnology. China has a good foundation in this respect. If it can catch up, it can use the biotechnology industry to drive the development of China's economy in the 21st century, and biopesticide is the closest industrialization in the field of biotechnology. An important part of. Therefore, relevant departments should take the promotion of bio-pesticide industry development as a new economic growth point, as a matter of concern for safeguarding people's personal health, protecting the environment and ecology from destruction, and promoting sustainable agricultural development.
In addition, China has a number of large-scale bio-pesticide production enterprises, such as Haizheng Group, Qianjiang Biochemical, and Deqing Baike. These enterprises should be given active support to further scale and grade. At the same time, we will actively encourage more enterprises and foreign capital to come to the research and production of biological pesticides, and form a large-scale group enterprise integrating production, supply, sales, research and gold, so that the production of various biological pesticides will form economies of scale. Enhance its market competitiveness.
3. Application: policy guidance, standard development
First, relevant policies should be formulated to establish strict standards for the use of chemical pesticides. It is strictly forbidden to abuse or misuse chemical pesticides. Offenders are subject to fines until legal sanctions. Secondly, publicity should be strengthened to make people have a clearer understanding of food safety and environmental safety. Make the use of biological pesticides as peasant's conscious behavior as much as possible; third, extensive establishment of green food production bases, vigorous development of organic agriculture, pollution-free vegetables, and vegetables, so that the application of biological pesticides has been steadily expanded.
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