Abstract On the eve of the two sessions, Chai Jing’s new work, the large-scale air pollution deep public interest survey documentary “Under the Domeâ€, was launched on Saturday, sparking heated discussions in the industry. The 103-minute video analyzes the four major problems of coal and fuel that bring serious atmospheric pollution to China. This time off...
On the eve of the two sessions, Chai Jing’s new work, the large-scale air pollution deep public interest survey documentary “Under the Domeâ€, was launched on Saturday, sparking heated discussions in the industry. The 103-minute video analyzes the four major problems of coal and fuel that bring serious atmospheric pollution to China. This survey on smog is considered to be “the most authoritative source of information, the most authoritative source of information, the most versatile, the most versatile, and the most action-oriented smog investigationâ€. The video answers the question of "where does the haze come from" through the source analysis results displayed by scientists: More than 60% of China's air pollution comes from the burning of coal and oil, and the problem of haze is largely an energy issue. China's coal consumption in 2013 exceeded the sum of coal used in other countries around the world. The growth rate of the car is also rare in history. As the fastest growing developing country in the world, China has to face both the quantitative and quality requirements.
Chai Jing said that through investigations, I found that China's coal and fuel oils have four major problems: “large consumptionâ€, “relatively low qualityâ€, “lack of clean front end†and “lack of end emission controlâ€.
When the most basic health is threatened, growth has lost its meaning. I believe that everyone who has watched the video feels the same, and there is a breathless desperation under the dome. But is economic growth and the environment really one or the other?
The latest research report of Huachuang Macro pointed out that China's air pollution is related to the rapid industrialization process, but the irrational energy structure and low standards of energy quality are the real murderers.
It is an urgent way to manage smog, eliminate backward production capacity and optimize energy structure.
Borrow: How did London remove the "Fog" hat?
As shown in "Under the Dome", smog pollution has also plagued London. The words "fog," "haze," and "darkness" often appear in the 19th century British classics.
Since the beginning of the 19th century, the UK has entered a period of rapid industrial development, and the exhaust gas produced by the London factory has formed a very thick gray-yellow smog. In the 1950s, the most serious, "fog day" (that is, the number of days with a field of view of no more than 1,000 meters) averaged as much as 50 days a year. From December 5 to 10, 1952, the "London Smoke Incident" took place. At that time, the "La Traviata", which was being staged by the Opera House, was suspended because the audience could not see the stage. The people in the opera house were forced to leave the field, but they found out that they could not reach the fingers during the day and the water and land transportation was near.
The fog continued until December 10th and gradually dispersed. Since then, the British have begun to reflect on the bitter fruit caused by air pollution. After half a century of efforts to control air pollution, the hat of the "Fog Capital" has been removed.
The London Smog Event has spawned the introduction of the world’s first Air Pollution Prevention Act, the Clean Air Act.
Under the strong promotion and promotion of some members of the House of Representatives, the British Government commissioned Sir Hugh Buffy to write an air pollution investigation report. The bill drafted by the government was approved by the parliament and the Clean Air Act was introduced in 1956. The smog in London really worked, after the Clean Air Act was enacted in 1956.
The law requires that power plants in London must be closed and can only be rebuilt in Greater London. Industrial enterprises are required to build tall chimneys to enhance the evacuation of atmospheric pollutants. It also includes traditional stoves that require large-scale renovation of urban residents, reducing coal use, and gradually realizing natural gas for residents.
The film "Under the Dome" tells us that the pollution of London at the time of the "big smoke incident" was more serious than that of China, but in the first 20 years of pollution control, pollutants fell by 80%.
After 1968, the United Kingdom introduced a series of air pollution prevention and control laws, which imposed strict restrictions on various exhaust emissions and formulated clear penalties to effectively reduce soot and particulate matter. By 1975, the foggy days in London had been reduced from a few dozen days per year to 15 days, and in 1980 it was further reduced to five days.
Since 1995, the United Kingdom has also formulated a national air quality strategy, which requires cities to conduct air quality assessments and reviews. For areas that do not meet the standards, the government must designate air quality management areas and enforce standards within the prescribed time limits. .
Reality: Difficulties in eliminating production capacity in major polluting provinces
London's experience in managing smog tells the world that eliminating backward industrial production capacity, improving energy efficiency and optimizing energy structure are the best choice.
According to the deployment of the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, the elimination of backward production capacity is an important task for economic restructuring. However, eliminating backward production capacity is not an easy task. There may be multiple risks in the process of elimination. For example, industries and products may be out of gear, local economic growth may stall, resulting in local fiscal revenue reduction, corporate and local debt increase, and corporate benefits. Declining employee income, reducing employment, and increasing social instability.
Especially in the employment problem, in the process of eliminating backward production capacity, if the new connecting industries cannot be developed simultaneously, some enterprises will inevitably go bankrupt, the output of some enterprises will decline, and the profits of some enterprises will decline. Some entrepreneurs are declining in these industrial fields. As a result, short-term employment has decreased and laid-off workers have increased. This is also the most difficult problem facing local elimination of backward production capacity.
Under "The Dome", two major provinces due to industrial pollution are highlighted, namely Hebei, a major steel province, and Shanxi, a major coal province. Let us also look at the current situation of eliminating backward production capacity in these two provinces.
In 2013, "Economic Half Hour" reported on steel and cement pollution in Wu'an and Tangshan in Hebei Province, making local governments more strict implementation of environmental protection policies. In addition to Hebei's proximity to Beijing, Hebei is accused of being accused of smog every time. For the pollution culprit.
Under such pressure, as the largest steel province in China, Hebei Province has proposed the “6643†project, that is, by 2017, it will complete the task of reducing the capacity of 60 million tons of steel, and decompose it into local enterprises, and it will be completed within the year. The goal of cutting 15 million tons of steel.
In July last year, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology announced the list of the first batch of enterprises that eliminated backward and surplus capacity in 15 industries, involving 44 iron-making enterprises and 30 steel-making enterprises. The steel industry eliminated a total of 46.861 million tons of backward and surplus capacity. In the above list, the six production lines of five steel enterprises, including Hebei Iron and Steel, Xinxing Casting Pipe, Shagang and Maanshan Iron and Steel (Hefei), are all on the list.
It is worth noting that in this list, steel companies in Hebei Province have received much attention. Among the 74 steel companies on the list, there are 20 in Hebei Province, accounting for nearly 30% of the total, and among the 44 iron-making enterprises that have eliminated backward and excess capacity, 18 of them are listed in Hebei Province. Under the pressure of great environmental protection, private steel enterprises were forced to become "payers", and many closed doors went bankrupt.
Hebei has a headache in the pollution caused by steel, and the ecological problems caused by coal mining and utilization plagued China's largest coal production province in China—Shanxi, Shanxi Province, large-scale coal mining and utilization, has caused great waste of resources And the history of environmental pollution, environmental governance and ecological restoration is a lot of debt.
According to the "China Sustainable Development Strategy Report" released by the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2014, Shanxi's total sustainable development capacity ranks 24th in the country, the environmental support system ranks 27th, and the survival support system ranks 29th, and environmental problems are more serious.
However, in order to accelerate the transformation and upgrading of the industry and improve air quality, Shanxi is already active.
Xinhua News Agency reported on February 2 that in 2014, six major industries such as steel, cement and coke in Shanxi Province have eliminated backward production capacity of more than 16 million tons and electricity of 574,000 kilowatts.
It is understood that in 2014, the country's targets for the elimination of backward production capacity in various industries in Shanxi Province were: 4.2 million tons of steel, 1.1 million tons of cement, 6.6 million tons of coke, 574,000 kilowatts of electricity, 210,000 tons of calcium carbide, and 80,000 tons of ferroalloy.
The relevant person in charge of the Shanxi Provincial Economic and Information Committee said that steel, electricity and coke in these six industries are the traditional pillar industries of Shanxi Province, and the other three industries are key industries in some places.
Insiders pointed out that the elimination of backward production capacity in these six major industries means that the direct economic benefits of the business owners are impaired, and the total GDP and government revenue will be greatly affected.
The Shanxi Provincial Bureau of Statistics released the latest statistical report on January 8 this year. Due to the constraints of coal production growth potential, excessive coal production capacity, and resource and environmental constraints, Shanxi's coal industry has limited growth space and is close to the resource and environmental carrying limits. The rapid expansion of coal is nearing completion.
According to the Shanxi Provincial Coal Industry Department, coal production in Shanxi Province will only increase by 1% in 2014. In 2015, coal production will decrease slightly, and output growth will gradually decline. The future growth potential has been greatly weakened.
It is reported that the website of the National Development and Reform Commission released the Interim Measures for the Replacement of Coal Consumption Reduction in Key Areas in early January. The method proposes that the coal consumption of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei will be reduced by 63 million tons in 2012. Analysts pointed out that Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei's consumption reduction accounted for 16.49% of the original consumption, which will help eliminate backward coal production capacity and reduce excess capacity.
The National Development and Reform Commission stressed that the work plan should propose specific measures for coal reduction and corresponding reductions, including: projects with low elimination efficiency, high coal consumption and heavy pollution, with emphasis on backward production capacity projects in power, steel, cement, coking and other industries; Engineering, waste heat and pressure utilization, upgrading and upgrading of coal-fired power plants; “coal to gas†and “coal to electricity†projects; coking, coal chemical, industrial kiln coal clean and efficient utilization transformation project.
The future: energy planning "control coal to increase gas"
In the past 2014, China overfulfilled the task of mainly eliminating backward production capacity: According to statistics from the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, in 2014, China eliminated 31.1 million tons of backward steelmaking capacity, 81 million tons of cement, and 37.6 million weight boxes of flat glass.
The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology said that in 2015, it will accelerate the development of strategic emerging industries, continue to resolve excess capacity and eliminate backward production capacity, strictly control new capacity in severely surplus industries, and promote industrial transfer and optimization of major layouts.
Wu Xinxiong, director of the National Energy Administration of China, recently pointed out that China has accelerated the development of clean energy and further optimized its energy structure. It is estimated that in 2014, non-fossil energy will increase the proportion of primary energy consumption to 11.1%, and the proportion of coal will fall to 64.2%.
In this Monday's report, Orient Securities recommended that the governance of China's air pollution should focus on integrating inefficient enterprises, improving the degree of urban management refinement and promoting competition within the energy industry:
According to the report, about two-thirds of China's PM2.5 comes from coal and fuel, which is the burning of fossil energy. In fact, coal and oil itself do not mean pollution. Coal consumption is large. At present, it is close to 4 billion tons per year, and it is still inferior. It lacks cleanliness and lacks control measures. If it can change the scattered coal into concentrated combustion, improve it. The proportion of coal power generation, especially the large-capacity, high-parameter coal-fired thermal power units, will reduce coal-fired emissions by at least 2/3. If small steel, small cement, and small chemical companies can shut down and turn, the production capacity will shift to the large-scale enterprises with higher priority of pollution control and efficiency. If the automobile sewage disposal equipment and oil products all meet the standards of the national four, there is no doubt that the treatment The difficulty will be greatly reduced.
Chai Jing also said in an exclusive interview with People's Daily Online that "this time, we will open up time and space, return to the past problems, and then consider the industrial status of these high-energy and high-pollution enterprises and see their impact on the Chinese economy. I feel that there is no conflict between environmental protection and economic development. She said that air pollution is not brought about by reform and opening up. It is precisely because more market reforms are needed to solve this problem. Environmental protection is not a burden, but a source of innovation that can promote competition, generate employment, and boost the economy. The experience of international pollution control also proves this. First, the government has reduced unnecessary administrative interventions and made the market a major force in allocating resources. Second, the government is indispensable. It must ensure the fairness and fairness of market competition and the survival of the fittest through formulating policies and strict enforcement. Both of these points are consistent with the direction of China's current reforms.
It is reported that the "13th Five-Year Plan" energy planning was launched in June last year and has formed a basic idea. According to the China Securities Journal, the plan proposes seven strategic tasks, such as optimizing the energy structure and vigorously developing renewable energy. The production layout will increase oil and gas development efforts, and the newly added offshore oil and gas development belt will greatly increase the proportion of renewable energy. Renewable energy subsidies will be set at a total limit.
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