Manufacturing plays a leading role in the industrialization process of various countries. Driven by the new technological revolution, the manufacturing industry has undergone major changes in its production methods through continuous absorption of microelectronics, information, computers, machinery, materials, biology, aerospace, environmental protection, and modern management technologies. The industry is transforming. On November 2, 2009, US President Barack Obama issued a statement stating that the US economy should shift to a sustainable growth model, namely export-driven growth and manufacturing growth, signaling a return to the real economy. This shows that in the context of the current financial crisis, the United States has fully realized that it cannot rely on financial innovation and credit consumption to drive the economy, and has begun to attach importance to the development of domestic industries, especially advanced manufacturing. “Re-industrialization†has become an important strategy for the United States to reshape its competitive advantage.
The implementation of the US re-industrialization strategy is both an opportunity and a challenge for China to adjust its industrial structure and transform its economic growth mode. The "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period is an important part of solving the country's manufacturing industry is not strong, and the industrial transformation and upgrading has taken substantial steps. The "12th Five-Year" High-end Equipment Manufacturing Industry Development Plan has been completed and is awaiting approval by the State Council. According to authoritative sources involved in the drafting of the "Planning", the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" of high-end equipment manufacturing industry focuses on five sub-sectors in the development direction: aviation, aerospace, high-speed railway, marine engineering, and intelligent equipment. The "Plan" is expected to reach an annual sales value of more than 6 trillion yuan in the high-end equipment manufacturing industry by 2015; strive to achieve more than 30% of the sales value of the equipment manufacturing industry by the sales value of the high-end equipment manufacturing industry by 2020, and the domestic market satisfaction rate exceeds 25%. In this context, this paper will deeply analyze the characteristics and measures of the US re-industrialization strategy, and put forward some inspirations for the development of high-end equipment manufacturing industry in China at this stage.
What is "re-industrialization"?
"Re-industrialization" was proposed in the 1970s for the transformation of heavy industrial bases such as the Ruhr region of Germany, the Lorraine region of France, the northeastern region of the United States, and the Kyushu region of Japan. Transform and revitalize the issue. In the early 1980s, “re-industrialization†mainly focused on increasing infrastructure investment and accelerating the upgrading of fixed assets. From the mid-1980s to the 1990s, “re-industrialization†mainly emphasized the transformation of industrial structure to high value-added and knowledge-intensive; 21 Today, "re-industrialization" is mainly through the government's behavior to recover the real economy such as manufacturing.
At present, the global industrial structure is undergoing profound adjustments and changes. Emerging industries will be a trend in the future industrial development and may become the support point for the next round of global economic prosperity. Equipment manufacturing is the foundation for the emergence and development of emerging industries, and its development will directly affect and even determine whether emerging industries can develop healthily and rapidly. Therefore, this will definitely be a main direction of "re-industrialization." In the long run, in order to maintain a leading edge in the future competition, countries need to increase technology research and development in emerging industries, and promote the widespread use of new technologies in traditional manufacturing; in the short term, investment in emerging industries is also It is conducive to expanding domestic demand, stimulating economic growth and overcoming the dangers caused by the financial crisis.
Overview of the US Re-industrialization Strategy
In order to develop advanced manufacturing, the United States pursues a "re-industrialization" strategy, seeks to revive local industries, find high-end industries that can support future economic growth, and resolve high-cost pressures through industrial upgrading to achieve economic recovery. The implementation of "re-industrialization" is not only a simple policy change can be completed, the United States will face many problems, many manufacturers are difficult to digest high cost and huge investment costs of technological innovation. In order to ensure the smooth implementation of the "re-industrialization" strategy, the United States has introduced a number of mutually coordinated policies and measures, such as vigorously developing emerging industries, encouraging technological innovation, and supporting the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, in an effort to accelerate the upgrading and technological advancement of traditional industries. To promote the recovery of the US economy.
First, strengthen the coordinated development of the real economy and the virtual economy. Although the proportion of global manufacturing has been relatively high, the proportion of US manufacturing in GDP has been declining year by year. Excessive reliance on the virtual economy represented by the financial industry and the real estate industry has caused the United States to be severely hit in this crisis, and the market has shrunk dramatically. The role of the real economy represented by advanced manufacturing has re-emerged and has been recognized by all walks of life in the United States. Focus. Advanced manufacturing includes many advanced models such as lean production, just-in-time production, clean production, flexible manufacturing, agile manufacturing, computer integrated manufacturing, virtual manufacturing, and green manufacturing. It not only promotes industrial restructuring and industrial development, but more importantly, Bringing a profound change in production methods and improving the ability of the economy to resist financial risks, thus reversing the current serious virtual economy and real economy inversion in the United States. At present, in order to reshape the manufacturing industry's dominant position, the United States has taken many measures to strengthen the revitalization of the manufacturing industry; encourage manufacturing R&D innovation and industrialization; vigorously cultivate emerging and advanced manufacturing industries; Provide positive financial support and more.
Second, vigorously develop emerging industries. Since the outbreak of the financial crisis, the US government has continuously increased its support for emerging industries. On February 17, 2009, Obama signed the 2009 American Renaissance and Reinvestment Act, which launched a total of $787 billion in economic stimulus packages, including infrastructure and research, education, renewable energy and energy conservation projects, and medical informationization. Environmental protection has become the focus of investment. In 2010, the United States introduced a series of new programs and policy measures in the fields of clean energy technologies and industries, health care, environment and climate change, information and communication, and materials and advanced manufacturing.
Third, encourage technological innovation.
After the financial crisis, the United States did not significantly reduce R&D investment. The draft of the 2009 US Recovery and Reinvestment Act, published by Congress, includes an increase of $13.3 billion in technology investment, including $9.9 billion in research and development, and $3.4 billion in research and development facilities. In the FY10 federal sector R&D grants, the R&D grants of the basic research subjects represented by the National Science Foundation, the Department of Energy Science Office, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology, have steadily advanced toward a goal of doubling in ten years. The United States has invested heavily in emerging industries with national strategic values, using leverage and other means to leverage social capital to incite investment in these areas. The United States has also taken a series of measures, such as setting up a civil space project plan, establishing a public-private partnership to explore the commercialization model of clean coal technology, and encouraging private investment to enter the broadband service sector. It is intended to promote private participation in science and technology development and utilization to maintain the United States. Innovation and economic growth.
Again, support the development of SMEs. The United States regards SMEs as the main force in implementing the "re-industrialization" strategy, and has successively introduced a series of policies and measures to encourage and support the development of SMEs. On March 16, 2009, Obama announced plans to allocate a portion of the $787 billion economic stimulus package (about $730 million) to solve the problem of small business loans. On October 21, 2009, Obama announced a new program to support the development of small businesses to help small businesses overcome the credit crunch. On December 11, 2009, the Obama administration plans to use the remaining funds of the $700 billion Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) to support small businesses, with the aim of curbing the political and economic consequences of high unemployment; and preparing to ask Congress TARP amends to relax the salary limits and other restrictions that will be imposed on small business lenders. The US government has repeatedly urged US banks to provide more loans to small businesses that are likely to increase employment opportunities.
Finally, attach importance to production, education and research.
In 2011, President Obama launched the Advanced Manufacturing Assistance (AMP) program. The program is jointly led by Dow Chemical and MIT. It is not directly implemented by the government. It is mainly dedicated to four aspects: building domestic manufacturing capabilities for key national security industries; shortening the development of advanced materials from development to application. Time; invest in a new generation of robots; develop innovative energy-efficient manufacturing processes. It can be seen that this is a major measure for the US government, industry, academia and research to coordinate the operational revitalization of manufacturing.
Some Enlightenments on the Development of High-end Equipment Manufacturing Industry in China
The US implementation of the "re-industrialization" strategy will have a huge impact on China's industrialization on the one hand, and will also provide valuable reference for the development of China's high-end equipment manufacturing industry. In this context, China must take active measures to seize the opportunities of international industrial transfer, improve the independent innovation capability of advanced manufacturing, increase investment in emerging industries, and accelerate the construction of innovative countries in response to US “re-industrializationâ€. "The challenge brought by the strategy.
First of all, we must pay attention to the development of high-end equipment manufacturing. The profound changes in the global economic restructuring and growth mode urgently require China's economic growth to shift to relying on the advancement of advanced manufacturing industries, requiring the manufacturing industry to accelerate structural adjustment and promote the transformation of development methods. The cultivation and development of high-end equipment manufacturing will provide strong equipment and service support for the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries and the development of strategic emerging industries. Although China is already a big country in equipment manufacturing, there is still a big gap between China's equipment manufacturing industry and the world's advanced level, especially some high-end manufacturing equipment, such as semiconductors, including processing equipment in the electronic information industry, deep-water oceans and Oil equipment, large-scale compressors in millions of tons of ethylene plants, etc. almost all rely on imports. High-end automatic control systems such as aircraft navigation instruments and meters, and high-speed train brake systems are basically monopolized by foreign countries. Therefore, the high-end equipment manufacturing industry is the top priority of the manufacturing industry, and we must pay attention to the development of high-end equipment manufacturing.
Secondly, to increase investment in scientific research and establish a mechanism for promoting technological innovation. One of the essences of “re-industrialization†in the United States is to emphasize and attach importance to independent innovation and continuous innovation in science and technology. For the high-end equipment manufacturing industry, due to the complexity of its products and processes, the technology development cycle is long, the cost is high and the risks are high. Therefore, the technical structure upgrade is the core and main motivation for the internal structure upgrade of the equipment manufacturing industry. Equipment company's technology research and development capabilities. At present, China's equipment manufacturing industry has fallen into a vicious circle of introduction, backwardness, reintroduction, and backwardness. Qu Xianming, former vice president of China Academy of Mechanical Science, pointed out in his article "Can China's equipment manufacturing industry lead the world" that China's independent innovation is weak, high-end equipment manufacturing is in a difficult situation, and it is not yet leading the world's equipment manufacturing industry. The ability to develop new trends. At present, the domestic equipment manufacturing industry can not produce large-scale civil aircraft, deep-water marine oil equipment, 90% of high-end CNC machine tools, 95% of high-grade CNC systems, robots rely on imports, factory automatic control systems, scientific instruments and precision measuring instruments are dependent on foreign countries. 70%. It can be seen that only by relying on independent innovation and technological advancement, improving labor productivity, and developing high value-added products, can China's manufacturing industry form a core competitiveness, and can compete with other developed countries such as the United States in the international market, and promote long-term economic prosperity in the future. And sustainable development.
Third, jointly increase support for large enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises. The US "re-industrialization" strategy pays particular attention to the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. However, based on the actual situation of China's high-end equipment manufacturing industry, on the one hand, it is necessary to cultivate core enterprises and improve the industrial concentration of equipment manufacturing. Scale production is an important way to upgrade high-end equipment manufacturing. The Chinese government needs to selectively support some large-scale high-end equipment manufacturing enterprises to form large-scale equipment enterprise groups, use various economic and taxation legislative policies, promote mergers and acquisitions, and form economies of scale to form an equipment manufacturing cluster. On the other hand, it is necessary to increase support for funds such as SMEs. Because many small and medium-sized enterprises have a good supporting role for large enterprises in basic processes and basic components. Therefore, China needs to learn from the US “re-industrialization†approach to support small and medium-sized enterprises, increase the funds needed for the innovation and development of small and medium-sized enterprises, and support the promotion of cooperation, exchanges and innovation between small and medium-sized enterprises and large enterprises and universities, thus promoting the entire high-end. The competitiveness of the equipment manufacturing industry has increased.
Finally, promote industry-university-research cooperation and establish industry alliances. The US “re-industrialization†strategy attaches great importance to the interaction and collaboration between government departments, national research institutions, universities and enterprises, and promotes chemists, physicists, materials scientists, and mechanical engineers. Exchange and cooperation with microbiologists and others. For example, the ARPA-E project is basically implemented by means of cooperation between more than two units. The cooperation units are mainly from universities, enterprises and national laboratories. The cooperation methods are also diverse, and there are universities, research institutes and universities. Developed in collaboration with universities, universities and companies, or companies and national laboratories. The development of high-end equipment manufacturing industry is a major strategic issue for China, which is in the process of industrialization. This requires government departments, enterprises, universities and scientific research institutions to jointly carry out strategic research and explore active and effective cooperation models of industry, university and research. Establish a substantial industrial strategic alliance and gradually form a long-term mechanism of internationalization, standardization, process and marketization.
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