The raw materials for the production of plastic products are usually processed directly from pure resins such as PE, PP, ABS. With the development of science and technology, higher requirements are placed on the properties of plastic materials. Pure resin seems to be incapable, and it is not realistic to develop a large number of new varieties of resins. Therefore, by adding other materials such as non-metal, metal or organic materials to the pure resin, various properties of the plastic resin can be improved to achieve the required technical specifications or to improve the cost performance, which has created a new industry: plastic filling reform Sex. The combination of plastic filling and modification industries and non-metallic minerals, powder processing, grain processing, wood processing, and ultra-fine pulverization have promoted the development of the plastics processing industry. Since the beginning of the 21st century, around the modern plastics processing industry, with a small number of plastic resins, through the addition of various additives, modifiers and fillers, in the endless end of the plastic molding processing machinery, the plastic products industry has It penetrates into all areas of social life such as agriculture, industry, national defense, construction, daily use, medical care, and aerospace, and it is almost all-encompassing.
1. Definition of filler
ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) defines a filler as "a relatively inert substance added to plastics to improve strength and properties, or to reduce costs." Therefore, plastic fillers tend to be non-metallic minerals. They generally refer to natural non-metallic compounds or elements formed by geological processes, generally crystalline, with uniform and relatively fixed chemical composition and defined crystal structure; stable under certain physical and chemical conditions, are composed of rocks and ores. The basic unit. It is generally inorganic and sometimes includes fossil fuels such as coal. As the name implies, non-metallic mineral fillers for plastics are generally considered to be naturally occurring in the field of non-metallic mineral materials that have been artificially mined, processed and characterized by the above defined properties and added to plastics, and are usually made into powders.
2, the basic properties of the filler
Maintain chemical and physical stability during plastic processing and use;
Improve certain properties of the resin: increase rigidity, improve heat resistance, and improve electrical insulation;
Improve weather resistance and increase dimensional stability;
Coloring power, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, flame retardancy;
The price is low.
3. Basic requirements for fillers
Chemically stable, relatively high purity, low impurity content;
The color should be white or light as much as possible, and it does not contain iron and other impurities that are easily heated and yellowed;
Does not cause serious damage to the physical and chemical properties of plastic products;
Easy to disperse and mix, with appropriate particle size;
The oil absorption value is relatively low, and has no significant effect on the processability;
Have a suitable crystal structure;
Have a lower Mohs hardness;
There is a relatively cheap price compared to resin.
4. Classification of fillers
They are generally classified into mineral, vegetable fillers and industrial fillers depending on their source. The latter can be divided into synthetic and waste slag types.
According to the shape, it is divided into a powder, a sphere, a sheet, a column, a needle, and a fibrous filler.
According to its performance, it is divided into incremental, reinforcing and functional fillers.
It is classified into an inorganic filler and an organic filler according to its chemical composition.
The fillers used in plastics are classified according to their chemical composition as follows:
Oxide: silica, diatomaceous earth, alumina, titania, iron oxide, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, antimony trioxide, barium ferrate, barium ferrate, barium oxide, alumina fiber.
Hydroxide: aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, or basic magnesium carbonate.
Carbonate: calcium carbonate magnesium carbonate, dolomite, basic sodium carbonate.
(Sub)sulfate: barium sulfate, calcium sulfate, ammonium sulfate, calcium sulfite.
Silicate: talc, clay, mica, asbestos, calcium silicate, montmorillonite, bentonite, glass beads, glass fiber.
Carbon: carbon black, graphite, carbon hollow spheres, carbon fiber.
Others: zinc borate, calcium borate, sodium borate, barium metaborate, potassium titanate.
Organic matter: wood powder, bamboo powder, straw, wheat straw, peanut shell, starch, cloth, paper, pulp, rayon, synthetic fiber, etc.
5. The influence of inorganic fillers on the properties of products:
The specific gravity increases as the amount of filler added increases.
The surface hardness increases as the amount of filler added increases.
The rigidity increases as the amount of filler added increases.
The flexural strength decreases as the amount of filler added increases.
The elongation at break decreases as the amount of filler added increases.
The surface gloss decreases as the amount of filler added increases.
The impact strength generally decreases with the addition of the filler; if the shape of the filler is needle-like or fibrous, it is generally enhanced.
The temperature resistance increases as the amount of filler added increases.
6. The influence of organic fillers on the properties of products:
Generally, the addition of organic fillers has a great influence on the physical and mechanical properties of plastics. For the time being, no general rule has been found (sometimes also affects chemical properties). There are roughly the following commonalities:
The specific gravity of the article decreases as the amount of filler added increases.
The surface gloss of the article decreases as the amount of filler added increases.
The impact strength of the product generally increases with the addition of the filler; especially when the powder is acicular or fibrous, it is generally enhanced.
7, the characteristics of the filler required in practical applications:
Particle size and particle size distribution.
Crystal structure.
Oil absorption.
Dispersibility.
Viscosity characteristics.
Rigidity and hardness.
Electrical performance.
1) The product has high chemical stability, good heat resistance, no decomposition at processing temperature, and does not affect the original physical and mechanical properties of the plastic resin. After the addition, the whitening phenomenon caused by bending and stretching of the product is small.
2) No chemical reaction occurs after the product is mixed with other processing aids.
3) The product has good dispersion and mixing in the plastic resin, does not affect the processing performance, and has little wear on the equipment.
4) The amount of oil absorbed by the product and the amount of plastic resin absorbed are small.
5) The product does not contain impurities that promote accelerated decomposition of the resin.
6) The product is insoluble in water, grease, all solvents, does not absorb moisture, does not contain crystal water (except flame retardant), acid and alkali.
7) The product filler powder has uniform appearance and uniform particle size.
8) The products are cheap and the source is rich and stable, and the quality fluctuation between different batches of fillers is small.
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