Various industry associations are now playing an increasingly important role in the world economy. France was the first country to legally confirm the legality of modern chambers of commerce. In 1858, it enacted laws on chambers of commerce, placed the chambers under the supervision and protection of the government, and stipulated the functions of chambers of commerce. Since then, various countries have established industry association mechanisms. Since China has implemented the planned economic system for a long time before the reform and opening up, the development of industry associations is very different from that of foreign countries.
Foreign industry association system is improving day by day
After more than a hundred years of development, the industry association system in developed countries has been improving day by day. Generally speaking, foreign industry associations are an industrial organization that integrates production guidance, market research, industry management, and intermediary services. It is divided into two types: “horizontal†and “verticalâ€.
The typical representative country of “horizontal†industry associations is the United States. These industry associations are mainly organized by enterprises. The government does not intervene and does not provide financial support. As long as enterprises with the same interests have established an industry association. “Vertical†industry associations mainly exist in Japan and Germany. These industry associations are initiated by large enterprises and play a leading role. SMEs participate extensively, and the government plays a certain role in promoting cooperation with the association. .
Industry associations in developed countries are usually established spontaneously and have broad representation. The government generally does not interfere with industry associations. Within the scope permitted by law, companies with the same interests can voluntarily set up industry associations. Almost every product has its own industry association. At the same time, companies can also choose to join one or more organizations to obtain different benefits from different associations. For example, “industrial associations†(in fact, industry associations) in various industries in Japan contain more than 90% of companies in the industry. It can be seen that its industry associations are widely representative and can reflect the interests and demands of most companies in the industry, and in turn promote the health and sustainable development of the industry.
The functions of foreign trade associations are relatively complete, providing internal production guidance, market research, industry management, intermediary services, trade friction warning, and externally playing a role in linking enterprises with the government and domestic and foreign markets.
Foreign industry associations also have the function of policy recommendations. Developed country associations pay attention to the research on the development of relevant industries in the industry and abroad, regularly publish research authoritative reports, provide advice and suggestions to the government to support the development of the industry; Lobbying directly affects policy making. In terms of foreign trade, on behalf of the industry enterprises to collect and provide detailed evidence of domestic industry damage, the government is required to take temporary restrictions. For example, the Japan “Economic Associations†communicated with the government to collect opinions from member companies and exert overall negotiating power to influence the government’s macroeconomic policies. In almost every industry in the United States, there are their own interest groups that influence the formulation of policies through lobbying.
China's trade associations must improve their own construction from four aspects
After joining the World Trade Organization, China's trade associations have made considerable progress and played a role in China's socialist market economy. However, the existing problems cannot be ignored. It is necessary to obtain inspiration from the development of foreign trade associations and improve their own construction as soon as possible from four aspects.
First, industry associations should expand their coverage, actively guide enterprises to join industry associations, and increase the representation of industry associations.
The second is to enhance service functions and provide information, consulting and training services for enterprises. Give play to the functions of production guidance, market research, industry management, intermediary services, and trade friction warning.
For example, in view of the fact that some export companies compete at low prices, industry associations should conduct regular market research, especially focusing on market research in major trading partners. By publishing information and providing consulting services, enterprises are promptly guided to adjust the quantity and price of exports, and establish import quantity and price monitoring systems for important products, research industry development trends, assist enterprises in formulating export plans, prevent short-term behaviors of enterprises, and eliminate hidden dangers as much as possible. Take the initiative in industrial protection work.
The third is to establish a database of industry-related indicators to regulate industry access. The database includes the following three aspects. First of all, due to the high market share of domestic large monopoly state-owned enterprises, it is necessary to establish a corresponding product industry database. Secondly, in the context of the frequent occurrence of trade frictions, industry associations are the organizers of the operation of early warning information systems. They must have rich data information on trade frictions in order to analyze and provide early warning information on products and industries, and to enter trade frictions for enterprises. Provide legal assistance during the response or prosecution phase. Thirdly, industry associations are more familiar with the production environment and market conditions of regions and industries. They can focus on and establish a database of data information suitable for enterprises as needed, and regularly issue industry or product warning reports.
It should be pointed out that industry associations should refer to the experience of the US, EU and Japanese trade associations, adopt the enterprise membership system, pay appropriate dues, and obtain free use of industry databases and early warning reports, or at least the use of electronic versions. This is more in line with the duties and role of industry associations than the current practice of various industry associations in the price of thousands of dollars.
Fourth, industry associations must play a role in industry self-discipline. The self-discipline of the industry is not reflected in the pricing and credit of the company. In terms of price, in order to obtain export profits, companies unilaterally suppress prices, not only lead to foreign anti-dumping complaints, but also reduce the profits of the entire industry. In terms of credit, some companies have poor credit in trade. In the past, industry associations had a good grasp of corporate information. Once a problem occurred, it was included in the “blacklist†and its import and export was prohibited. Nowadays, industry associations do not directly control the import and export of enterprises, and they are obviously not strong enough to rectify the industry ethos for specific problems.
Industry association law should be introduced as soon as possible
Foreign industry associations are established spontaneously and operate under effective legal norms. National laws and regulations on trade associations play an important role. The regulations of relevant industry associations in China cannot stay in the provisions of the relevant documents promulgated by the former State Economic and Trade Commission for a long time, and the industry association law should be promulgated as soon as possible to regulate the initiation, establishment and operation of trade associations.
Industry associations represent the interests of companies in the industry. The government should reduce the intervention of industry associations, and let the industry recommend the election of suitable candidates to serve as the president and vice president of the industry association. Leaders are best chosen to be experienced corporate presidents and professors and academics with high academic standards. This can guide enterprises from a theoretical level, as well as practical operations from practical experience, which is conducive to dispute resolution and administrative intervention.
With the development of the economy and the optimization and upgrading of the industrial structure, the status of the high-tech industry in economic development is becoming more and more important. In this context, China should establish and encourage high-tech industry associations represented by new materials, information technology, and biomedicine. Give play to its early warning, coordination and response role in the high-tech trade friction, and promote the healthy development of China's high-tech industry.
Foreign industry association system is improving day by day
After more than a hundred years of development, the industry association system in developed countries has been improving day by day. Generally speaking, foreign industry associations are an industrial organization that integrates production guidance, market research, industry management, and intermediary services. It is divided into two types: “horizontal†and “verticalâ€.
The typical representative country of “horizontal†industry associations is the United States. These industry associations are mainly organized by enterprises. The government does not intervene and does not provide financial support. As long as enterprises with the same interests have established an industry association. “Vertical†industry associations mainly exist in Japan and Germany. These industry associations are initiated by large enterprises and play a leading role. SMEs participate extensively, and the government plays a certain role in promoting cooperation with the association. .
Industry associations in developed countries are usually established spontaneously and have broad representation. The government generally does not interfere with industry associations. Within the scope permitted by law, companies with the same interests can voluntarily set up industry associations. Almost every product has its own industry association. At the same time, companies can also choose to join one or more organizations to obtain different benefits from different associations. For example, “industrial associations†(in fact, industry associations) in various industries in Japan contain more than 90% of companies in the industry. It can be seen that its industry associations are widely representative and can reflect the interests and demands of most companies in the industry, and in turn promote the health and sustainable development of the industry.
The functions of foreign trade associations are relatively complete, providing internal production guidance, market research, industry management, intermediary services, trade friction warning, and externally playing a role in linking enterprises with the government and domestic and foreign markets.
Foreign industry associations also have the function of policy recommendations. Developed country associations pay attention to the research on the development of relevant industries in the industry and abroad, regularly publish research authoritative reports, provide advice and suggestions to the government to support the development of the industry; Lobbying directly affects policy making. In terms of foreign trade, on behalf of the industry enterprises to collect and provide detailed evidence of domestic industry damage, the government is required to take temporary restrictions. For example, the Japan “Economic Associations†communicated with the government to collect opinions from member companies and exert overall negotiating power to influence the government’s macroeconomic policies. In almost every industry in the United States, there are their own interest groups that influence the formulation of policies through lobbying.
China's trade associations must improve their own construction from four aspects
After joining the World Trade Organization, China's trade associations have made considerable progress and played a role in China's socialist market economy. However, the existing problems cannot be ignored. It is necessary to obtain inspiration from the development of foreign trade associations and improve their own construction as soon as possible from four aspects.
First, industry associations should expand their coverage, actively guide enterprises to join industry associations, and increase the representation of industry associations.
The second is to enhance service functions and provide information, consulting and training services for enterprises. Give play to the functions of production guidance, market research, industry management, intermediary services, and trade friction warning.
For example, in view of the fact that some export companies compete at low prices, industry associations should conduct regular market research, especially focusing on market research in major trading partners. By publishing information and providing consulting services, enterprises are promptly guided to adjust the quantity and price of exports, and establish import quantity and price monitoring systems for important products, research industry development trends, assist enterprises in formulating export plans, prevent short-term behaviors of enterprises, and eliminate hidden dangers as much as possible. Take the initiative in industrial protection work.
The third is to establish a database of industry-related indicators to regulate industry access. The database includes the following three aspects. First of all, due to the high market share of domestic large monopoly state-owned enterprises, it is necessary to establish a corresponding product industry database. Secondly, in the context of the frequent occurrence of trade frictions, industry associations are the organizers of the operation of early warning information systems. They must have rich data information on trade frictions in order to analyze and provide early warning information on products and industries, and to enter trade frictions for enterprises. Provide legal assistance during the response or prosecution phase. Thirdly, industry associations are more familiar with the production environment and market conditions of regions and industries. They can focus on and establish a database of data information suitable for enterprises as needed, and regularly issue industry or product warning reports.
It should be pointed out that industry associations should refer to the experience of the US, EU and Japanese trade associations, adopt the enterprise membership system, pay appropriate dues, and obtain free use of industry databases and early warning reports, or at least the use of electronic versions. This is more in line with the duties and role of industry associations than the current practice of various industry associations in the price of thousands of dollars.
Fourth, industry associations must play a role in industry self-discipline. The self-discipline of the industry is not reflected in the pricing and credit of the company. In terms of price, in order to obtain export profits, companies unilaterally suppress prices, not only lead to foreign anti-dumping complaints, but also reduce the profits of the entire industry. In terms of credit, some companies have poor credit in trade. In the past, industry associations had a good grasp of corporate information. Once a problem occurred, it was included in the “blacklist†and its import and export was prohibited. Nowadays, industry associations do not directly control the import and export of enterprises, and they are obviously not strong enough to rectify the industry ethos for specific problems.
Industry association law should be introduced as soon as possible
Foreign industry associations are established spontaneously and operate under effective legal norms. National laws and regulations on trade associations play an important role. The regulations of relevant industry associations in China cannot stay in the provisions of the relevant documents promulgated by the former State Economic and Trade Commission for a long time, and the industry association law should be promulgated as soon as possible to regulate the initiation, establishment and operation of trade associations.
Industry associations represent the interests of companies in the industry. The government should reduce the intervention of industry associations, and let the industry recommend the election of suitable candidates to serve as the president and vice president of the industry association. Leaders are best chosen to be experienced corporate presidents and professors and academics with high academic standards. This can guide enterprises from a theoretical level, as well as practical operations from practical experience, which is conducive to dispute resolution and administrative intervention.
With the development of the economy and the optimization and upgrading of the industrial structure, the status of the high-tech industry in economic development is becoming more and more important. In this context, China should establish and encourage high-tech industry associations represented by new materials, information technology, and biomedicine. Give play to its early warning, coordination and response role in the high-tech trade friction, and promote the healthy development of China's high-tech industry.
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