The Space Falcon 9 rocket recently launched by Space X.
After delaying multiple launches, Space X. recently launched the Falcon 9 rocket, which successfully sent the "Dragon" spacecraft to the orbit of the International Space Station. But the launch is even more striking because of the rocket landing test for the soft landing of the offshore platform. Regrettably, the first-class rocket of the Falcon 9 suffered a hard landing and was damaged when it was recovered on a floating platform on the sea. The company’s CEO, Elon Musk, said: “This recycling is not a success.â€
Even so, the persistence of Musk and his team for many years has created history: "Falcon" 9 is the world's first reusable launch vehicle, and US Space Exploration Technology has become a rare insistence. For the rest of the year, the private company that tested the rocket recycling and reuse. At the previous dialogue of Musk in Beijing, this reporter had heard the inner monologue of the "space madman" on the difficulties encountered in operating the company: "continuous investment", "lonely" and "helpless".
The good news is that the company has made continuous progress in rocket recycling in recent years, only a step away from success. If it is successfully recycled, it will reduce the launch cost by 99%. The commercial value is very amazing. At the same time, the new ways of hiding the spacecraft back to Earth safely will have a major impact on future deep space exploration, human space travel and even the settlement of Mars, or will open a new era of low-cost space.
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From landing within 10 km to landing accuracy within 10 meters, and falling on a football-sized offshore platform - this is the ideal result that Space Exploration Technologies hopes to achieve on January 10. However, with the whistling sound of the Falcon 9 rocket and the subsequent explosion, the human race has truly mastered the rocket recycling technology for the first time, and there are several mountains.
In the 7-second video that the company subsequently announced, the first stage of the Falcon 9 rocket failed to maintain a vertical downward attitude during the landing, and slammed into the corner of the floating platform at a 45-degree angle. explosion occurs. Mask later regretted on the social networking site: "When the rocket (returned) fell into the offshore recycling platform, but the situation occurred during the landing (hard landing), close to success, but ultimately fell short, I hope everything will be fine in the future."
From the video point of view, the recycling is "a little bit worse than success", because it successfully brought the first-class rocket to the platform, which is actually very valuable. You know, the Falcon 9 is a 20.3 meter long, about 14 stories high, and it will be safely landed on a sea mobile platform about 91.4 meters long and 30.5 meters wide. The staff said that this "It's as hard as keeping a broom on top of your head in a storm."
After analyzing the telemetry data, the company believes that the main reason for the loss is that the rocket's grid wing fuel is used up before landing, causing the rocket to lose control. The rocket engine tried to re-ignite, but it was too late, the rocket hit the platform heavily, and the residual fuel and oxygen contact exploded.
â·Recycling economic and environmental protection
As we all know, the one-time launch vehicle was developed on the basis of intercontinental ballistic missiles. After more than 40 years of development, in the increasingly fierce competition in the launch market, some old models of one-time launch vehicles are not able to do so.
In addition, with the advancement of concepts such as “satellite formation flightâ€, there are some aerospace launching requirements for small-scale spacecraft based on “small satellites†in the current space launch market. These small spacecraft do not require large thrust rockets. As long as the price is low and reliable, it can meet customer needs.
At present, the cost of space launch has remained high. On average, sending 1 kilogram of material costs 10,000 to 20,000 US dollars, and the cost of the Russian Union rocket transporting American astronauts is even higher. The price per seat is more than 60 million US dollars. One of the important reasons for the high cost is that these launch vehicles are all disposable.
This has become an important thrust for the development of reusable rockets. If the rocket can become a "flying device", it can be reused, which can greatly reduce the cost and make a qualitative leap in human space activities. Moreover, this degree of "price reduction" is absolutely impossible for anyone to refuse. Taking the "Falcon" No. 9 rocket, our reporter found in its official website that its launch price was 56.5 million US dollars, equivalent to about 350 million yuan. Among them, the cost of propellant is only 200,000 US dollars. It can be seen that the rocket navigation guidance control, storage tank and engine are the absolute big ones. According to estimates, if the first level can be recycled and reused, it can save 80% of the funds; if the second level can also be recycled and reused, the theoretical launch cost will be reduced to the current 1%.
In the long run, reusable rockets can make human dreams of visiting and even moving to other planets come true. Dr. Adam Becker, director of the Rocket Laboratory at Kingston University in the United Kingdom, believes that rocket recycling will enable humans to make greater use of space resources, such as space solar energy. "You can also travel to the moon, explore, immigrate to Mars, and even fly out of the solar system. It is possible."
In addition, recyclable rockets are also environmentally friendly. The US Environmental Protection Organization has previously released a research report saying that after the rocket wreckage is completely disintegrated on the ground and in the water, a large amount of toxic perchlorate remains in the soil and water, which is very detrimental to human health.
Responsive pressure
According to experts, there are generally four options for rocket recovery technology: the first is the parachute vertical descent program, the second is the power reverse push vertical descent program, the third is the unpowered glide flight level descent plan, and the fourth is Dynamic gliding level landing program. As early as the 1960s when humans entered the space age, scientists at the time began to verify which schemes were more appropriate and cheaper.
A general-purpose power company in the United States in 1962 called the "Nexus" project, can send rockets with more than 1000 tons of load into low-earth orbit and then fall to the sea. However, due to the difficulty of development, no one can make it until now. In the 1990s, the father of the space shuttle, Marcos Muller, designed the K-1 rocket that used the airbag-assisted parachute landing, and eventually died of a broken capital chain.
In this century, Musk used his development of the "蚱蜢" vertical take-off and landing test aircraft to continuously test. In the previous launches, his team actively tested the possibility of a parachute recycling program; however, several failures proved that this solution had an insurmountable shortcoming: when the control was re-entered into the atmosphere, the rocket had not slowed down to The speed and height of the parachute opening, the first level has been shredded and disintegrated. In the end, the Falcon 9 rocket attempted to complete the recycling with a second option, controlled vertical landing.
Compared with the failed predecessors, the most valuable thing for Musk is pragmatism and persistence. He confided to the public at the Beijing Geek Park Innovator Summit last year that he was constantly taking money from his other company, PayPal, in order to raise money for the test launch, so that when it was last prepared for launch, it was too stressful. He didn't close his eyes overnight. Fortunately, the launch was finally successful.
Since then, the project has been approaching success. In 2013, the rocket was successfully ignited three times. Last year, the rocket's arrow was added with four landing legs, and the speed of the drop was successfully reduced to a low level. Today, the rocket successfully controlled landing accuracy within 10 meters. It can be said that its distance is only one step away from success.
Mask revealed that the company will conduct the rocket offshore platform landing test again in the next two to three weeks; at the same time, it plans to launch 12 launches in the next 12 months and continue to try.
The stone of the mountain can be used to attack jade
There are many difficulties in realizing rocket recovery.
According to Pang Zhihao, a Chinese aerospace expert and executive editor of International Space magazine, the Falcon 9 rocket has at least four levels of success: one is the attitude control of the rocket. Due to the slender shape of the rocket, it may be turned over and destroyed when there is a slight deviation when landing. The second is that the rocket engine has the function of adjustable thrust and multiple starts, which reduces the rocket's speed from the initial 1300 m / s to 2 m / s. The third is the lightweight composite material that the arrow needs. The fourth is the simplicity of inspection and maintenance.
Relatively speaking, China's rocket recycling technology is still in the exploration stage, but it has developed rapidly in recent years. In June last year, China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation's Launch Rocket Research Institute announced that after four years of technical research, China has made progress in rocket booster recovery technology.
According to reports, the designer installs the "wings" that resemble paragliders and soft textures on the rocket booster. After the booster is separated, the parachute homing operating subsystem is used to achieve the fixed point recovery of the booster. At present, this technology has been basically broken, and the prototype is being verified. The flight test will be carried out to verify its feasibility.
In the opinion of some industry experts, the "Falcon" 9 rocket has great enlightenment to China's rocket recovery research.
Taking the engine as an example, the main engine of the "蚱蜢" verification machine is a pump-type liquid rocket engine, which can adjust the thrust in a wide range. At present, the domestic liquid pumped rocket engine does not have a wide range of thrust adjustment capability, and its performance parameters and related system configurations are not even considered for thrust regulation at the beginning of design. Aerospace expert Sun Liang said that this enlightens us that we must carry out in-depth research including static characteristic analysis and dynamic characteristic analysis based on the existing engine system configuration, and finally propose a more suitable adjustment range. In addition, if the reusable rockets in our country are also recycled by power, the valve that adapts to the higher mixing ratio deviation control will also be a focus of engine design.
At present, China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation has carried out special research on the two-stage rail system, booster selection, re-use, and safe recycling of rocket reusable technology. Experts said that China's rocket reusable technology research will pay close attention to the vertical lifting technology of the Falcon 9 rocket, the steps are starting from the rocket booster, "then the first and second sub-levels are reused, then The entire rocket is reusable."
It should be said that whether it is the demonstration effect of the "Falcon" No. 9 rocket, or the actual pressure of increasing launch requirements and increasingly fierce competition in the launch market, or the cheap future of cheap aerospace, safe space and deep space exploration Humans have accelerated the recovery of the difficulties and made the rockets "flying to the device." For human space, rocket recycling technology undoubtedly indicates the coming of the next big space era. However, from the current situation, there is obviously a lot to be done to enter this era.
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